• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
惠晓丽, 马清霞, 王朝辉, 张翔, 罗来超. 基于旱地小麦高产优质的氮肥用量优化[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(2): 233-244. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19127
引用本文: 惠晓丽, 马清霞, 王朝辉, 张翔, 罗来超. 基于旱地小麦高产优质的氮肥用量优化[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(2): 233-244. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19127
HUI Xiao-li, MA Qing-xia, WANG Zhao-hui, ZHANG Xiang, LUO Lai-chao. Optimization of nitrogen rate based on grain yield and nutrient contents in dryland wheat production[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(2): 233-244. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19127
Citation: HUI Xiao-li, MA Qing-xia, WANG Zhao-hui, ZHANG Xiang, LUO Lai-chao. Optimization of nitrogen rate based on grain yield and nutrient contents in dryland wheat production[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(2): 233-244. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19127

基于旱地小麦高产优质的氮肥用量优化

Optimization of nitrogen rate based on grain yield and nutrient contents in dryland wheat production

  • 摘要:
    目的 探讨长期定位施氮条件下小麦产量与籽粒养分含量的变化,及土壤硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾的变化,为旱地小麦合理施用氮肥,保持土壤肥力,提高产量和改善品质提供理论依据。
    方法 本研究基于2004年在黄土高原开始的长期定位施肥试验,2015—2017连续3年取样,研究了施氮量对土壤硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,小麦氮磷钾素吸收利用,籽粒氮、磷、钾含量,地上部生物量、籽粒产量及其构成的影响。
    结果 与不施氮相比,长期施氮小麦平均增产67.1%,生物量提高52.0%,收获指数提高9.5%;穗数和穗粒数平均分别提高32.5%和40.0%,千粒重下降7.1%。施氮量与产量、生物量呈抛物线关系,获得最高产量6587 kg/hm2的施氮量为N 215 kg/hm2。籽粒氮含量随施氮量增加而增加,磷含量降低,钾含量变化较小。土壤硝态氮含量与施氮量呈显著正相关,小麦获得最高产量时播前和成熟期硝态氮含量分别为7.2和10.3 mg/kg;有效磷含量随施氮量增加而降低,速效钾含量变化较小。氮收获指数、生理效率、偏生产力、农学效率均随施氮量增加而降低。
    结论 综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和籽粒关键养分含量,研究区域旱地冬小麦产量目标应为6300 kg/hm2,施氮量为N 150 kg/hm2、施磷量为P2O5 100 kg/hm2,播前或收获期表层 (0—20 cm) 土壤硝态氮保持在6.0~8.0 mg/kg、土壤有效磷12.0~15.0 mg/kg、土壤速效钾139~140 mg/kg。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives It is of great significance to explore the wheat grain yield, soil nitrate nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K) and grain nutrient contents under the condition of a long term N application at different rates, for the purpose of appropriate N application, soil fertility improvement, wheat yield increase and grain nutritional quality improvement in drylands.
    Methods Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different N rates on soil nitrate N, available P and K contents, N, P and K absorption and utilization of wheat, grain N, P and K contents, wheat biomass, yield and yield components based on the long-term location-fixed field experiment, which was initiated in 2004 in the Loess Plateau. Soil and plant samples were collected in the consecutive experimental years of 2015–2017.
    Results The three-year averaged results showed that long-term application of N increased wheat grain yield by 67.1%, biomass by 52.0%, harvest index by 9.5%, spike number by 32.5% and grains per spike by 40.0%, respectively, while the 1000-grain weight was decreased compared with no N application. The grain wheat yield and biomass were quadratically correlated with the N rate, and the maximum yield was 6587 kg/hm2 obtained at a N rate of N 215 kg/hm2. The P content of grain decreased with the N rate increase, K content of grain showed no significant change, while the N content showed an opposite trend. There was a significant positive correlation between the soil nitrate N content and the N application rate. The soil nitrate N content was 7.2 mg/kg at sowing and 10.3 mg/kg at harvest when the maximum yield was obtained. Soil available P decreased with the N application rate increase, and soil available K showed no significant change. The N absorption and utilization efficiencies (i.e. N harvest index, N physiological efficiency, N partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency) decreased with the increase of N rates.
    Conclusions For improving the winter wheat grain yield and grain key nutrient contents, the target grain yield should be 6300 kg/hm2 in drylands of the experimental area, and the corresponding fertilizer application rate should be kept at N 150 kg/hm2 and P2O5 100 kg/hm2, and the nitrate N would be sustained at 6.0–8.0 mg/kg in 0–20 cm soil at sowing or harvest, respectively, and available P be kept at 12.0–15.0 mg/kg, and available K at 139–140 mg/kg.

     

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