• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
许瑞, 徐新朋, 侯云鹏, 张佳佳, 黄少辉, 丁文成, 刘迎夏, 何萍. 生态集约化管理提高东北春玉米产量和氮素利用率[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(3): 461-471. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19145
引用本文: 许瑞, 徐新朋, 侯云鹏, 张佳佳, 黄少辉, 丁文成, 刘迎夏, 何萍. 生态集约化管理提高东北春玉米产量和氮素利用率[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(3): 461-471. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19145
XU Rui, XU Xin-peng, HOU Yun-peng, ZHANG Jia-jia, HUANG Shao-hui, DING Wen-cheng, LIU Ying-xia, HE Ping. Increasing yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Northeast China through ecological intensification management[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(3): 461-471. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19145
Citation: XU Rui, XU Xin-peng, HOU Yun-peng, ZHANG Jia-jia, HUANG Shao-hui, DING Wen-cheng, LIU Ying-xia, HE Ping. Increasing yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Northeast China through ecological intensification management[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(3): 461-471. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19145

生态集约化管理提高东北春玉米产量和氮素利用率

Increasing yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Northeast China through ecological intensification management

  • 摘要:
    目的 针对我国春玉米生产中存在的肥料过量和不合理施用带来的生态环境问题,研究生态集约化养分管理对东北春玉米产量、氮素利用率和氮素平衡的影响,旨在指导氮肥科学施用,提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮素损失。
    方法 2009—2017年在吉林省公主岭市开展9年长期定位试验,试验采用双因素裂区设计,主区为两种养分管理措施:生态集约化养分管理 (EI) 和农民习惯施肥 (FP);副区为3种施氮方式,不施氮肥处理 (N0)、3年中2年施氮肥处理 (N2/3) 和3年均施氮肥处理 (N3/3)。EI处理中P2O5 75 kg/hm2、K2O 90 kg/hm2、S 30 kg/hm2和Zn 5 kg/hm2全部基施,每年N用量 2009—2014年为180 kg/hm2,2015—2017年为200 kg/hm2,其中基施、玉米拔节期追施和抽雄期追施的比例分别为1/4、1/2和1/4;FP处理N 251 kg/hm2、P2O5 145 kg/hm2、K2O 100 kg/hm2均一次性基施。调查了玉米产量、氮素吸收量、氮素累积吸收量以及土壤氮素平衡。
    结果 在N0处理中,从2010年开始玉米产量和氮素吸收量呈现下降趋势。在N2/3处理中,不施氮年份的产量和氮素吸收量较低,而在随后一年施氮的情况下,产量和氮素吸收量又增加到N3/3处理的水平。在EI养分管理措施下,N3/3处理9年平均产量为11505 kg/hm2,而FP管理措施下N3/3的平均产量明显低于EI处理,为10764 kg/hm2。与FP处理相比,EI处理下氮素农学效率 (AEN)、氮素回收率 (REN) 和氮素偏生产力 (PFPN)分别提高了47.4%、39.6%和43.8%;EI处理的氮素残留量和氮素表观损失分别降低了49.2%和63.9%
    结论 9年长期试验结果表明,通过优化施肥量和施肥时间,配合采用优良的玉米品种和种植密度,生态集约管理能在减少氮素投入的前提下,保持作物产量,提高植株氮素吸收量和养分利用率,减少土壤氮素残留和氮素损失。持续适宜的氮肥投入对于保障东北玉米高产和稳产至关重要。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives In view of the problems in ecological environment and sustainable agricultural development caused by excessive and unreasonable fertilizer application in spring maize production in China, the effects of ecological intensive nutrient management on spring maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen balance in Northeast China were studied in order to make full use of resources, increase production efficiency and ensure national food security scientifically and rationally.
    Methods A long-term experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2017 in Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province. Two factors of split plot were designed in the experiment. The main plot was two fertilization managements: the ecological intensive nutrient management (EI) and farmer practice management (FP). The sub-plot was three N application methods, including no N application treatment (N0), N application in two of three years (N2/3) and in three years (N3/3). In EI treatment, P2O5 75 kg/hm2, K2O 90 kg/hm2, S 30 kg/hm2, Zn 5 kg/hm2 and 1/4 of N (180 kg/hm2 in 2009–2014, 200 kg/hm2 in 2015–2017) applied as basal, 1/2 N top dressed at jointing stage and 1/4 N at tassel stage. In the treatment of FP, N 251 kg/hm2, P2O5 145 kg/hm2 and K2O 100 kg/hm2 were applied once as basal. The yield, N uptake and accumulation of maize and the balance of soil N were investigated.
    Results In N0 treatment, the yield and N uptake showed a downward trend since 2010. In N2/3 treatment, the yield and N uptake decreased in the year without N application, and increased to the level of N3/3 treatment in the case of N application in the following year. In EI treatment, the average yield of N3/3 treatment was 11505 kg/hm2 in 9 years, while that of FP treatment was significantly lower, which was 10764 kg/hm2. Compared with FP treatment, EI treatment significantly increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AEN), recovery efficiency (REN) and partial factor productivity (PFPN) by 47.4%, 39.6% and 43.8%, respectively. The residual N and apparent loss of N in EI treatment were 49.2% and 63.9% lower than those in FP treatment, respectively.
    Conclusions Ecological intensive nutrient management, including right fertilization rate and time, and suitable cultivar and plant density, is proved to be effective in increasing spring maize yield and N utilization, reducing residue and apparent loss of N in soil. The experiment also confirms that continuous appropriate N fertilizer application is essential for high and stable yield of maize in Northeast China.

     

/

返回文章
返回