• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
龙瑞平, 张朝钟, 戈芹英, 李贵勇, 夏琼梅, 朱海平, 马淑琴, 万卫东, 王勤, 杨从党. 不同轮作模式下基于机插粳稻稳产和氮肥高效的氮肥运筹方式[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(4): 646-656. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19183
引用本文: 龙瑞平, 张朝钟, 戈芹英, 李贵勇, 夏琼梅, 朱海平, 马淑琴, 万卫东, 王勤, 杨从党. 不同轮作模式下基于机插粳稻稳产和氮肥高效的氮肥运筹方式[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(4): 646-656. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19183
LONG Rui-ping, ZHANG Chao-zhong, GE Qin-ying, LI Gui-yong, XIA Qiong-mei, ZHU Hai-ping, MA Shu-qin, WAN Wei-dong, WANG Qin, YANG Cong-dang. Nitrogen management in machinery transplanted japonica rice under different rotation systems for stable grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(4): 646-656. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19183
Citation: LONG Rui-ping, ZHANG Chao-zhong, GE Qin-ying, LI Gui-yong, XIA Qiong-mei, ZHU Hai-ping, MA Shu-qin, WAN Wei-dong, WANG Qin, YANG Cong-dang. Nitrogen management in machinery transplanted japonica rice under different rotation systems for stable grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(4): 646-656. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19183

不同轮作模式下基于机插粳稻稳产和氮肥高效的氮肥运筹方式

Nitrogen management in machinery transplanted japonica rice under different rotation systems for stable grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency

  • 摘要:
    目的 研究不同旱作茬口对水旱轮作系统中机插粳稻生长和产量的影响,探索不同轮作模式中机插粳稻氮肥减施方式,实现减肥不减产、节约成本、减少环境污染的目标。
    方法 在云南省保山市隆阳区选择油菜–水稻、小麦–水稻和蚕豆–水稻3种主要轮作模式,以当地主推的粳稻品种隆科16号为试材,设置6个穗肥氮素用量 (N 0、90、120、150、180和210 kg/hm2) 处理,分别以N0、N90、N120、N150、N180、N210表示,按6∶4的比例用作促花肥和保花肥,并以当地高产施氮技术处理 (共施N 285 kg/hm2,基肥、蘖肥、促花肥和保花肥各1/4) 为对照 (CK),研究了机插粳稻产量及其构成因素和氮素吸收、运转及利用效率。
    结果 前茬为油菜的稻田土壤含氮量最高,其次为小麦茬,最低的为蚕豆茬。3种轮作模式下,不同穗肥施用量间水稻产量和氮素利用效率差异达到极显著水平。相同氮素用量下,油菜茬口水稻的产量、氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率最高,其次是小麦茬口,最低的是蚕豆茬口。3个轮作茬口下,两年平均水稻产量均以N 180 kg/hm2处理最高,与CK相比,在施N减少36.84%的情况下,油菜和小麦茬口的稻谷产量基本保持稳定,蚕豆–水稻模式稻谷增产3.94%。但第二年继续同样处理,油菜、小麦和蚕豆茬口的水稻平均产量分别减少1.07、0.30和0.29 t/hm2。只施穗肥氮可增加水稻的有效穗,虽然有效穗的增加量略低于对照,但总颖花量与对照差异不显著。油菜–水稻模式中穗肥用量为N 180 kg/hm2的处理氮肥农学利用率最高。
    结论 在水旱轮作系统中,油菜茬口残留的肥力要高于小麦和蚕豆茬口。小麦–水稻和蚕豆–水稻轮作,两年内水稻可不施基肥和分蘖肥,只施N 180 kg/hm2作穗肥,按促花肥∶保花肥为6∶4的比例施用,能够实现减肥不减产的目标。而油菜–水稻轮作体系采用此施肥方法,减氮效果明显,但持续减氮栽培可能会大幅降低水稻产量。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives The soil fertility after the harvest of pre-crop affects the growth and yield of the following crops in a rotation system. We investigated the soil fertilities in the main rotation systems, and the suitable nitrogen fertilizer rates and application times for the following rice production, in order to achieve the goal of reducing nitrogen fertilizer input and maintain high yield of rice.
    Methods Field experiments were conducted in the japonica rice region of Yunnan Province, using rice cultivar of ‘Longke16’ as tested materials. The tested three rotation systems were oilseed rape-rice, wheat-rice, and broad bean-rice. Six nitrogen rates of 0, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 kg/hm2 (expressed as N0, N90, N120, N150, N180, N210, respectively) were topdressed as spikelet-promoting and spikelet-sustaining fertilizer in ratio of 6∶4. Local recommended high-yield N management (N 285 kg/hm2 in total, evenly divided and applied as basal, tillering, spikelet-promoting and spikelet-sustaining fertilizer) was used as control. The 0–20 cm soil fertility were measured before rice seeding, and the rice yields and nitrogen utilization were investigated at harvest.
    Results Among the three rotation systems, the field after oilseed rape had the highest soil N content, followed by that after wheat, and the lowest in that after broad bean. As a result, the yields and N utilization efficiencies of following rice were significantly different. All the yield, N uptake, apparent N use efficiency of the rotation systems were in descent order of oilseed rape-rice, wheat-rice and broad bean-rice system. The highest yield was achieved at N rate of 180 kg/hm2 in all the three rotation systems. Compared with CK, nitrogen input in N180 was reduced by 36.84%, while the rice yield kept stable in the oilseed rape-rice and wheat-rice system , and was increased by 3.94% in broad bean-rice system. For two consecutive years of reduced nitrogen cultivation, the rice yields reduction of 1.07, 0.30, and 0.29 t/ hm2 occurred in oilseed rape-rice system, wheat-rice and broad bean-rice system. The application of panicle fertilizer alone increased the number of effective panicles. Although the increase in the number of effective panicles was slightly lower than that of the control, there was no significant difference in the total number of spikelets. The highest N agronomic efficiency was achieved when the panicle fertilizer application rate was 180 kg/hm2 in the oilseed rape-rice rotation system.
    Conclusions In the paddy-upland rotation systems, the fertility of field after oilseed rape is higher than taht after wheat and broad bean. For rice after wheat and broad bean, base and tiller fertilizers are not necessary, top-dressing N 180 kg/hm2 as panicle fertilizer (spikelet-promoting to spikelet-sustaining in ratio of 6∶4) will increase the rice yield and N use efficiencies within two years. However, the sustainability of the N management needs further study for rice after oilseed rape.

     

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