• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
马琴, 刘小雨, 冉瑾怡, 刘金山, 张翔, 周景云. 磷肥减量结合硫酸铵配施提高西北地区旱地春玉米磷素利用效率[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(6): 1047-1058. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19420
引用本文: 马琴, 刘小雨, 冉瑾怡, 刘金山, 张翔, 周景云. 磷肥减量结合硫酸铵配施提高西北地区旱地春玉米磷素利用效率[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(6): 1047-1058. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19420
MA Qin, LIU Xiao-yu, RAN Jin-yi, LIU Jin-shan, ZHANG Xiang, ZHOU Jing-yun. Improving phosphorus use efficiency of spring maize by reducing phosphate fertilizer rate and replacing urea with ammonium sulfate in dryland of Northwest China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(6): 1047-1058. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19420
Citation: MA Qin, LIU Xiao-yu, RAN Jin-yi, LIU Jin-shan, ZHANG Xiang, ZHOU Jing-yun. Improving phosphorus use efficiency of spring maize by reducing phosphate fertilizer rate and replacing urea with ammonium sulfate in dryland of Northwest China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(6): 1047-1058. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19420

磷肥减量结合硫酸铵配施提高西北地区旱地春玉米磷素利用效率

Improving phosphorus use efficiency of spring maize by reducing phosphate fertilizer rate and replacing urea with ammonium sulfate in dryland of Northwest China

  • 摘要:
    目的 西北旱地春玉米种植区磷肥过量施用,磷肥利用效率偏低。本研究旨在探究春玉米磷肥减施的可行性以及实现磷素高效利用的优化施肥方式,以期为该地区春玉米磷肥高效利用提供参考。
    方法 在西北典型雨养农业区设置3年的定位田间试验,共设5个处理:对照 (CK,不施磷肥)、农户模式 (FP,磷用量P2O5 120 kg/hm2,撒施)、减磷撒施 (RP,磷用量P2O5 70 kg/hm2,撒施)、减磷条施 (BF,磷用量P2O5 70 kg/hm2,条施)、硫酸铵模式 (SA,采用硫酸铵氮肥替代尿素氮肥,其他同减磷撒施处理)。在玉米四叶期、五叶期以及成熟期采集植物和土壤样品 (根际土和非根际土),测定玉米根系、地上部生物量及其磷含量,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、pH、有效磷、丛枝菌根侵染率,并采用WinRHIZO根系扫描系统测定根长、根表面积、根体积等指标。
    结果 三年试验结果表明,RP、BF、SA处理玉米籽粒产量、生物量与FP处理无显著差异 (P > 0.05),但磷肥偏生产力显著提高,平均增幅68.0%。RP、BF、SA处理成熟期玉米籽粒磷含量较FP处理降低7.1%~12.9%,磷累积量降低了8.8%~17.0%,其中RP和BF处理降低幅度达到显著水平,但SA处理籽粒磷含量和磷累积量与FP处理相当。与FP处理相比,RP和SA的磷肥回收利用率均有提高,其中SA处理显著提高7.2个百分点;RP、BF、SA处理均有促进春玉米苗期根系生长的趋势,其中SA处理根长、根表面积以及细根长 (直径小于0.50 mm) 分别提高13.9%~37.9%、8.6%~46.1%、12.2%~43.0%。此外,与FP处理相比,RP和SA处理提高了玉米苗期根系丛枝菌根侵染率,增幅在16.2%~21.7%;SA处理非根际土碱性酶活性有增加趋势,五叶期差异达显著水平,BF处理非根际土有效磷含量提高了18.8%~56.3%。
    结论 在西北旱地春玉米种植区,磷肥施用量由现在的P2O5 120 kg/hm2减少至70~75 kg/hm2仍可保证玉米稳产。在此基础上,用生理酸性肥料硫酸铵代替尿素可促进玉米根系生长以及丛枝菌根侵染,促进玉米对磷素的吸收利用。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Excessive application of P fertilizer in the planting area of Northwest China is common, which resulted low phosphorus (P) use efficiency in spring maize production. The present study aimed to explore the feasibility of reducing the application rate of P fertilizer, and setup an efficient fertilization regime for spring maize production in this area.
    Methods A three-year of spring maize field trial was carried out in the rainfed area of Northwest China.The five treatments included no P fertilizer control (CK), farmers’ practice (FP, P2O5 rate of 120 kg/hm2 and broadcasting), reduced P fertilization pattern (RP, P2O5 70 kg/hm2, in broadcasting method), banded P fertilization pattern (BF, P2O5 70 kg/hm2, in banding application method) and ammonium sulfate pattern (SA, P2O5 70 kg/hm2, in broadcasting method, and ammonium sulfate replaced urea). Plant roots and shoots, rhizosphere soil and bulk soil were sampled at the four- and five-leaf stage and the mature stage of the maize. The soil alkaline phosphatase activity, pH, Olsen-P content and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) infection rate were analyzed.The P concentration in grain, bract, spike-stalk, stem and leaf were measured. The length of roots, surface area of roots and root volume were determined by the WinRHIZO root scanning system.
    Results Compared to the FP treatment, the maize grain yield and shoot biomass in the reduced P treatments of RP, BF and SA were not significantly different (P > 0.05), but the partial factor productivities (PFP) of P fertilizer were much higher, with an average increase of 68.0%. The maize grain P concentration and P accumulation of RP, BF and SA treatments were decreased by 7.1%‒12.9% and 8.8%‒17.0%, respectively, and the reduction of RP and BF reached a significant level. The recovery rate of P fertilizer was increased in the RP and SA treatments, and the increase in SA treatment was as high as 7.2 percent point (P < 0.05). Reducing P treatments increased the total length of roots, root surface area, fine root length (less than 0.50 mm in diameter) of maize, the SA treatment obtained significant increments of 13.9%‒37.9%, 8.6%‒46.1% and 12.2%‒43.0%, respectively. Compared to the FP treatment, RP and SA treatments increased the AM infection rate, with the significant increase rate of 16.2%‒21.7% at the four- and five-leaf stage of maize; the SA treatment increased the alkaline phosphatase activity significantly and the BF treatment increased the soil available P concentration significantly at the five-leaf stage of maize.
    Conclusions In the dryland of northwest China, reducing the application rate of P2O5 from current 120 kg/hm2 to 70–75 kg/hm2 can still ensure the stable yield of spring maize. On basis of this, replacing urea with ammonium sulfate can promote the AM infection rate and the absorption of P, significantly stimulate the growth of maize roots.

     

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