• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
魏文良, 刘路, 仇恒浩. 有机无机肥配施对我国主要粮食作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(8): 1384-1394. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19511
引用本文: 魏文良, 刘路, 仇恒浩. 有机无机肥配施对我国主要粮食作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(8): 1384-1394. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19511
WEI Wen-liang, LIU Lu, QIU Heng-hao. Effects of different organic resources application combined with chemical fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of main grain crops in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(8): 1384-1394. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19511
Citation: WEI Wen-liang, LIU Lu, QIU Heng-hao. Effects of different organic resources application combined with chemical fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of main grain crops in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(8): 1384-1394. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19511

有机无机肥配施对我国主要粮食作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

Effects of different organic resources application combined with chemical fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of main grain crops in China

  • 摘要:
    目的 近年来,化肥的投入使我国作物单位面积产量的大幅提高,但是化肥的过量施用也导致了土壤及生态环境一系列的问题。此外,我国有机物料的种类与数量不断丰富,而循环利用率较低,因此,开展有机物料农田投入对作物增产和氮肥替代能力的研究十分重要。
    方法 本研究基于文献查阅,收集并整理了我国三大粮食作物 (小麦、玉米、水稻) 在不同施肥处理 (不施肥对照、化肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施) 下的相关试验数据 (试验年限 ≤ 5),旨在比较不同施肥处理下三大粮食作物的产量差异,并明确化肥与有机无机肥配施处理下的氮肥用量及氮肥利用效率。
    结果 化肥、有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较对照分别增产58.7%、32.1%和61.8%;与化肥处理相比,有机肥处理的作物产量无显著变化,而有机无机肥配施处理显著提高作物产量 (7.4%),且不同的作物类型均表现出相似的规律。对同时设置对照、化肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施4个处理的试验数据进行统计分析表明,4个处理的作物平均产量分别为4778、7000、6009和7422 kg/hm2。与对照相比,施肥显著提高了作物产量,化肥和有机无机肥配施处理间无显著性差异,但均显著高于有机肥处理。同时,研究发现不同处理的作物产量会受到作物类型、有机物料种类的影响。从氮肥施用总量分析,有机无机肥配施处理的化肥氮用量在小麦、玉米试验中与化肥处理基本相等,在水稻试验中则显著降低。总体来看,有机无机肥配施的氮肥偏生产力较化肥处理平均显著提高了32.5%,在小麦、玉米、水稻上,氮素偏生产力由化肥处理的35.0、45.2、42.8 kg/kg分别增加到有机无机肥配施处理的45.2、60.6、56.4 kg/kg。不同有机物料替代化肥提高氮肥偏生产力的潜力不同,秸秆还田、农家肥与化肥配施处理中,化肥氮用量未发生显著变化,而氮肥偏生产力显著提高9.4%、71.7%;配施堆肥的化肥氮用量也无显著降低,氮肥偏生产力较化肥处理没有明显提高;配施沼渣的处理中,氮肥用量显著降低,氮肥偏生产力显著提高 90.3%。
    结论 综合我国历年田间试验中有机无机肥配施和化肥处理的结果,表明适宜的化学氮肥投入是保证我国小麦、玉米和水稻产量的重要措施。在当前我国土壤肥力条件下,在不减少化肥氮用量的前提下配施有机物料,可以进一步增加产量,提高土壤肥力。在总氮量不变的情况下,以有机物料替代部分化肥氮可以保证粮食产量不降低,且可提高氮肥偏生产力。在有机物料中,粪肥和沼渣替代部分化肥的效果较好,而配合秸秆还田应注意维持化肥氮素的投入量。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives The remarkable growth in agricultural production in China largely relies on the heavy input of chemical fertilizers, which causes ecosystem safety and sustainable concerns. We summarized the field experiment data published across China over the past decades, trying to find out the potential of organic source replacement in total nitrogen fertilizer input in the main grain crop production of China, and to provide a base for the fertilizer reducing project of the country.
    Methods The data of crop yield and nitrogen application rate were only collected in the experiments of ≤ 5 years, and the considered treatments included no fertilizer control (CK), chemical nitrogen (F), organic resources (ORs), organic resources plus chemical nitrogen (F+ORs). The crop yield increment, N use efficiencies were compared between the chemical fertilizer treatments and chemical plus organic resources ones.
    Results Pairwise comparison showed that, compared to the CK, F, ORs and F+ORs significantly increased crop yield by 58.7%, 32.1% and 61.8%, respectively. Compared to F, the crop yields were not significantly changed in ORs treatments, but those of F+ORs were significantly increased (7.4%). According to the results of experiments containing all the four treatments, the average crop yields in CK, F, ORs and F+ORs were 4778, 7000, 6009 and 7422 kg/hm2, respectively. The yields in the fertilization treatments were significantly higher than those of CK, but not significant between F+ORs and F, and those in both F+ORs and F were significantly higher than those in ORs. Yield improving effect depended on crop types and organic resources. In addition, the chemical N input in F+ORs treatments was generally not decreased, while the nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN) was improved significantly (32.5%). The PFPN in wheat, maize and rice were increased from 35.0, 45.2, 42.8 kg/kg in the F treatments to 45.2, 60.6, 56.4 kg/kg in F+ORs, respectively. The replacing potential of chemical N were different among the organic resources. The chemical N application rate in treatments of F+ORs containing farm manure and straws were similar to those in F, while the PFPN were significantly increased by 9.4% and 71.7%, respectively. In F+ORs using biogas-residue, the chemical N proportion was often reduced, and the PFPN was thus significantly increased by 90.3%.
    Conclusions Through large number of field experiment results of longer or shorter periods in China, we conclude that proper rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer application is necessary for maintaining the high and stable yields of wheat, maize and rice in China. Under the current soil fertility levels, combining application of chemical fertilizer and organic resources could further increase the yields and fertility of farmlands, in case of not reducing the chemical N input; otherwise would not decrease the yield but increase the PFPN when there is no extra N input from the organic resources. Among the organic resources, manure and biogas-residue are available to replace a certain proportion of chemical N, while straw returning is not suggested.

     

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