Abstract: A field experiment, designed for seven crops in four years, was conducted to examine the effect of straw mulching with no-till on soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), active carbon (CA), microbial carbon (CMB), mineralized carbon (CM) and carbon pool management index (CPMI) on two soils developed from different parent materials in Sichuan Basin. Results showed that contents of soil organic matter, total N and K，available N and K were increased by straw mulching with no-till or with rotor till, but no clear patterns of change was observed for soil P among different treatments. Contents of all types of soil carbon and CPMI were improved when the straw was retuned to the soil. Straw-mulching with rotor till was superior to straw mulching with no till in improving quality of soil carbon pool, resulting in an increase of soil CA、CMB、CM and CPMI by 4.33%～52.88%, 8.69%～86.62%, 20.64%～60.79%and 18.41%～57.12%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that CPMI may be a better indicator than soil organic matter employed to reflect the dynamic changes of soil nutrients and soil carbon.