氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

吴迪; 黄绍文; 金继运

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2009.0211

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management, organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing on maize yield, and nutrient uptake and translocation

摘要

摘要: 采用田间试验方法，研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明，适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量，氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%，配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%，坐水种增产9.1%，配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量，分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%，依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量，养分最大吸收速率以K最高，N居中，P最低；养分吸收总量以N最高，K居中，P最低；养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d），N居中（65.3～68.5 d），P最晚（71.4～74.8 d），三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高，养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%），其次是N（41.5%～55.1%），K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下，施氮量为225 kg/hm2，基肥:拔节肥比1:3，配施有机肥结合坐水种，为最佳施肥处理。

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management, organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing on maize yield, dry matter accumulation, uptake and translocation of N, P and K, and nitrogen recovery rate. The results showed that proper nitrogen fertilizer management, organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing significantly increased spring maize yield. The average yield increase was 10.6%–17.0% for nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing for two times, 10.3%–18.0% for organic manure application, 9.1% for bed-irrigation sowing, and 20.4% for the combined organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing compared to nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing for one time, respectively. Significant increase in rate of maximum dry matter accumulation and total accumulation amount of dry matter was observed by nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing for two times, organic manure application, and the combined organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing compared to nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing for one time, with respective increase of 11.1%–29.5%, 28.0%–28.8% and 32.1% for rate of maximum dry matter accumulation, and 11.9%–15.5%, 21.2%–24.4% and 26.9% for total accumulation amount of dry matter. Maximum uptake rate and total uptake amount of N, P and K increased obviously by nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing for two times, organic manure application, and the combined organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing. A general order was followed by K N P for maximum nutrient uptake rate, N K P for total nutrient uptake amount, and K (57.2–60.4 d) N (65.3–68.5 d) P (71.4–74.8 d) for the appearing time of maximum nutrient uptake rate, which were earlier than that of maximum accumulation rate of dry matter (82.5–89.3 d). Remarkable increase in translocation amount and efficiency of N, P, K from vegetative organs to grains, nutrient content in grain, and nitrogen recovery rate was found by nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing for two times, organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing, and proportion of nutrients in grains was followed by P (59.3%–66.1%) N (41.5%–55.1%) K (35.9%–38.0%). Under the experiment conditions, the recommend fertilizer formula was nitrogen applied 225 kg/ ha with 1/4 nitrogen fertilizer applied as basic fertilizer and 3/4 as jointing fertilizer combined with organic manure application and bed-irrigation sowing.

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