Abstract: A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of applications of organic-inorganic mixed fertilizers (OIMF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on yield of wheat, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and soil microbial diversity. Rapeseed cake compost (RCC), pig manure compost (PMC) and Chinese medicine residue compost (CMC) was mixed with CF (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The costs of all the treatments except the CK were same. The results show that the wheat yields of the three OIMF treatments are from 5838.8 to 6243.1 kg/ha which are about 99.3%–106.2% of the yield of the CF treatment (5880.4 kg/ha). The total N accumulation amounts of wheat in the PMC (100.2 kg/ha) and RCC (95.8 kg/ha) treatments are significantly higher than those of the CF (85.9 kg/ha) and CMC (84.5 kg/ha) treatments. The N recovery rate (NRR) and NUE (N physiological use efficiency and N grain production efficiency) of the three treatments of OIMF are higher than those of the CF treatment. Results of the neighbor joining analysis indicate that the applications of organic fertilizers could alter soil bacterial communities, while the application of CF has little effects on soil bacterial communities. Compared with the CF treatment, applications of the three kinds of OIMF could obtain the same grain yields of wheat, increase the NRR and NUE, and improve soil bacterial communities under the same cost of the fertilizations.