稻秆与紫云英联合还田提高黄泥田氮素利用率和土壤肥力

王飞; 李清华; 何春梅; 刘彩玲; 黄毅斌

doi:10.11674/zwyf.20101

稻秆与紫云英联合还田提高黄泥田氮素利用率和土壤肥力

Combined returning of milk vetch and rice straw improves fertilizer nitrogen recovery and fertility of yellow-mud paddy soil

摘要

摘要:
目的稻秆与紫云英为南方稻田培肥的重要有机肥源。研究福建黄泥田稻秆、紫云英联合还田与化肥不同比例配施对水稻产量、养分吸收利用及土壤肥力的影响，旨在为该区域中低产田改良培肥及化肥替代提供依据。
方法开展连续4年的田间定位试验，在等氮投入条件下，设置稻秆、紫云英联合还田与化肥不同配比6个处理，稻秆与紫云英二者氮素投入总量分别占农田总氮投入的0% (RM0，CK)、20% (RM20)、40% (RM40)、60% (RM60)、80% (RM80) 与100% (RM100)，分析了水稻产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤肥力因子的变化。
结果稻秆、紫云英联合还田与化肥配施均不同程度提高了水稻产量，其中籽粒与秸秆产量均以RM20最高，4年平均分别比CK显著增产了15.4%与23.6%，但产量增幅随有机物料替代比例增加呈降低趋势。产量构成中，RM20处理有效穗增加最为明显。与CK相比，有机物料联合还田下的水稻地上部植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收量增幅分别为2.4%～15.4%、2.6%～17.4%、2.0%～22.3%。除RM100处理外，稻秆、紫云英联合还田的氮素回收率较CK提高2.0～13.5个百分点，以RM20处理最高。稻秆、紫云英联合还田还不同程度提高了土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮(RM80处理除外)、有效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳含量以及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性，而降低了土壤容重。
结论连续进行稻秆和紫云英联合还田有效提高了黄泥田土壤肥力质量及水稻氮素利用率。综合考虑增产效应、化肥减施与肥力改善因素，在等氮投入下，稻秆、紫云英联合还田替代20%～40%化肥可促进水稻稳产增产。

Abstract:
Objectives Rice straw and milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) plants are important organic nutrient resources in southern China. Thus, the effects of their combined incorporation to field on rice yield, soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and their optimum replacement proportion for chemical fertilizer were studied.
Methods A field experiment was conducted in a yellow-mud paddy in Fujian for four consecutive years. The experiment involved six different treatments with uniform total N input (135 kg/hm²) but varying replacement percentage of N from rice straw-milk vetch plants (RM), i.e. 0% (RM0, CK), 20% (RM20), 40% (RM40), 60% (RM60), 80% (RM80) and 100% (RM100). The rice yield, soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and utilization efficiencies were analyzed.
Results All treatments with rice straw-milk vetch plants (RM) produced higher rice yield to varying degrees than CK, but the highest increment in the grain (15.4%) and straw (23.6%) yields of rice were found under RM20 treatment, and the yield increments due to RM incorporation declined with replacement percentage higher than 20%. The highest number of effective panicles was also found under RM20 treatment. Compared with CK, all RM treatments increased the uptake of N, P and K by 2.4%–15.4%, 2.6%–17.4%, and 2.0%–22.3%, respectively. Similarly, all RM treatments, except RM100, increased the N recovery rates by 2.0–13.5 percent points. The highest increments in the N, P and K, and N recovery rate were found under the RM20 treatment. The RM replacements increased the physiochemical (pH, organic matter, total N, available N, available P, readily available K) and biochemical (microbial biomass carbon, urease and acid phosphatase activity) properties of soil to different extents, but decreased soil bulk density.
Conclusions The continuous and combined incorporation of rice straw and milk vetch to the field improves soil fertility, nutrient uptake and productivity in yellow-mud paddy soil. More importantly, replacing 20%–40% of chemical fertilizer with combined rice straw and milk vetch plants is recommended for imcreasing rice yield and soil fertility, and reduction in chemical fertilizer application rates.

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