• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
安宁, 范明生, 张福锁. 水稻最佳作物管理技术的增产增效作用[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4): 846-852. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0403
引用本文: 安宁, 范明生, 张福锁. 水稻最佳作物管理技术的增产增效作用[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4): 846-852. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0403
AN Ning, FAN Ming-sheng, ZHANG Fu-suo. Best crop management practices increase rice yield and
   nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015, 21(4): 846-852. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0403
Citation: AN Ning, FAN Ming-sheng, ZHANG Fu-suo. Best crop management practices increase rice yield and
   nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015, 21(4): 846-852. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0403

水稻最佳作物管理技术的增产增效作用

Best crop management practices increase rice yield and
   nitrogen use efficiency

  • 摘要: 【目的】水稻是我国主要粮食作物之一,为了进一步满足日益增长的人口对水稻生产的更大需求,需要在现有甚至减少种植面积的前提下提高水稻产量,同时实现高效利用水肥资源和减少对环境的压力。【方法】本研究基于2008~2011年间,在我国长江流域和南方稻区的主要省份 (包括湖南、 湖北、 广东、 安徽、 江苏和重庆)开展的403个田间试验,比较了农民传统技术和最佳作物管理技术下 (主要技术为氮肥总量控制分期调控,磷、钾衡量监控,增加水稻的栽插密度和后期干湿交替灌溉),水稻的施氮量、产量、氮肥利用率(氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥回收利用率)、水稻生长发育的主要时期 (分蘖期、穗分化期、抽穗期和成熟期) 的氮素吸收、干物质累积动态及产量构成。【结果】最佳作物管理技术处理的水稻产量平均为7917.0 kg/hm2,显著高于农民传统处理(P0.05),增产量为690.6 kg/hm2,增产率9.6%;而最佳作物管理技术处理的氮肥平均施用量为N 162.7 kg/hm2,显著低于农民传统处理 (P0.05),氮肥减少量为N 41.4 kg/hm2,减少率20.3%;最佳作物管理技术处理的平均氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥回收利用率分别为50.8 kg/kg、14.9 kg/kg和42.3%,均显著高于农民传统处理(P0.05),分别增加36.2%、75.3% 和13.6个百分点;农民传统处理的水稻植株在生育前期表现出较大的氮吸收能力和干物质累积量,但从齐穗期开始,最佳作物管理技术处理的作物吸氮量和干物质累积量均大于农民传统处理;到成熟期,农民传统处理和最佳作物管理技术处理的作物吸氮量分别为151.7 kg/hm2和165.9 kg/hm2,干物质累积量分别为12914.2 kg/hm2和13796.1 kg/hm2 (P0.05)。同时,农民传统处理和最佳作物管理技术处理的水稻花后干物质积累量表现出显著的差异,分别为4045.2 kg/hm2和4654.5 kg/hm2 (P0.05);最佳作物管理技术处理的单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重分别为243.2、154.2和26.9 g,显著大于农民传统处理的231.7、150.0和26.6 g (P0.05)。【结论】通过最佳作物管理技术可以在节约水肥的条件下,进一步提高我国长江流域和南方水稻的产量,这一最佳作物管理技术也具有被农民采纳的现实可行性。研究结果可为我国水稻生产实现高产高效提供技术支撑。

     

    Abstract: 【Objectives】Rice is one of the main staple crops in China. In order to meet the increasing demand of rice production for growing population with even reduced rice cultivation area, rice farming systems must be managed to achieve the goal of high rice productivity and primary resources (e.g. nitrogen and water) use efficiency while without further degradating environmental integrity. 【Methods】 Based on 403 on-farm trailsconducted in China’s major rice producing provinces (Including Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangsu and the Great Chongqing Area) from 2008 to 2011, nitrogen application rate, rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency (partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency), nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation dynamics of rice plant during the main period of rice growth (tillering stage, panicle initiation stage, full heading stage and mature stage) were compared between treatments of conventional farmers’ practices (FPs) and the best crop management practices (BCMPs). The main technology of best crop management practices was optimum nitrogen management with side dressing while control the total amount of application, customized application rate of phosphorus and potassium by monitoring available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, increased transplanting density and optimized water management through controled dry and irrigation cycles after midseason drainage. 【Results】 Compared with FPs, the yield of BCMPs was 7917.0 kg/hm2 and increased significantly by 690.6 kg/hm2(9.6%) (P0.05) while nitrogen fertilizer application was significantly reduced by N 41.4 kg/hm2(20.3%) (P0.05). The nitrogen partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency of BCMPs were significantly higher than those of FPs by 36.2%, 75.3% and 13.6 percentage points,respectively (P0.05). Nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation of rice plant under FPs were greater than those of BCMPs during earlier stage. After full heading stage, nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation of rice plant under treatment of BCMPs were greater than those of FPs. During mature stage, the nitrogen uptake of rice plant under treatment of FPs and BCMPs were 151.7 kg/hm2 and 165.9 kg/hm2, and dry matter accumulation were 12914.2 kg/hm2 and 13796.1 kg/hm2, respectively (P0.05). The dry matter accumulation after flowering was significantly different between FPs and BCMPs, which was 4045.2 kg/hm2 and 4654.5 kg/hm2, respectively (P0.05). Panicles number per square meter, spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain weight of BCMPs were 243.2, 154.2 and 26.9 g respectively, which were significantly greater than those of FPs (P0.05). 【Conclusions】 Improved crop management practices as BCMPs could increase yield by 9.6% while reduce nitrogen and water use. These best crop management techniques are convenient and easily adopted practices that may be applied widely in rice cropping systems. This study provides the guide for sustainable rice-based cropping systems.

     

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