基于蕲艾产量和品质的氮肥适宜施用量研究

马琳; 陈昌婕; 苗玉焕; 郭兰萍; 刘大会

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021071

摘要:

目的中草药栽培不仅需要高产，更需要优良的品质。施用氮肥是提高中草药产量的重要措施，探究氮肥不同施用量对蕲艾 (Artemisia argyi) 生长、产量和品质的影响，为蕲艾规范化施氮提供科学依据。

方法田间试验在湖北蕲春蕲艾试验基地进行，供试田块2018年为新艾田，2019年为老艾田。在施用P₂O₅ 120 kg/hm²、K₂O 120 kg/hm²的基础上，设置0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm² 5个施氮处理。在蕲艾收获时，调查农艺性状和叶片产量，分析叶片矿质元素积累量、品质，并计算氮肥利用效率。

结果随着氮肥施用量的增加，蕲艾出苗数和叶片产量先增加后降低，2018、2019年当氮肥施用量分别为168和172 kg/hm²时，蕲艾叶片产量最高可达7030和6200 kg/hm²；艾叶中氮和铜元素含量持续上升，钾和镁元素含量分别在氮肥施用量为60和120 kg/hm²时最高；磷含量在氮肥施用量为240 kg/hm²时最高。蕲艾绒产量先增加后降低，2018、2019年当氮肥施用量分别为147和142 kg/hm²时，蕲艾绒产量最高可达1743 和1426 kg/hm²；总挥发油及其组分β-丁香烯和石竹素含量持续增加，桉油精、α-侧柏酮、樟脑、龙脑和α-石竹烯含量在氮肥施用量为180 kg/hm²时最高；酚酸和黄酮类成分含量在氮肥施用量为60～120 kg/hm²时较高。另外，氮肥偏生产力、艾叶氮肥吸收率和氮肥农学效率均随氮施用量增加呈降低趋势。

结论新艾田和老艾田上蕲艾的产量和质量对氮肥施用量的响应一致。蕲艾以叶片产量为目标，建议氮肥用量为170 (168～172) kg/hm²；以艾绒产量为目标，建议氮肥用量为144 (141～147) kg/hm²；以提取挥发油及其组分为目标，建议氮肥用量在180 kg/hm²左右；以提取酚酸和黄酮类成分为目标，建议氮肥用量为60～120 kg/hm²。

Abstract:

Objectives Nitrogen (N) fertilization affects the growth, yield and quality of Artemisia argyi. We investigated the optimal N application rate for high yield and quality to provide a scientific basis for standardized N fertilization of A. argyi in Qichun.

Methods Two field experiments were conducted at the experimental base of A. argyi in Qichun, Hubei Province, from 2018 to 2019. The first field was newly planted, and the second was continuously planted with A. argyi. We used P₂O₅ 120 kg/hm² and K₂O 120 kg/hm² as the basis to set up five N (urea) application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg/hm². The agronomic traits, yield, leaf quality and N use efficiency of A. argyi were studied.

Results The growth of A. argyi was sensitive to N application rate. The emergence number and leaf yield of A. argyi reached the peak at N 168 kg/hm² and N 172 kg/hm² in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The corresponding maximum leaf yield was 7 030 kg/hm² and 6 200 kg/hm². Higher N application rate increased N and Cu contents in A. argyi leaves, while the K and Mg contents were the highest at N₆₀ and N₁₂₀, respectively. The P content was the highest at N₂₄₀. The highest moxa yield of A. argyi (1 743 kg/hm² in 2018 and 1 426 kg/hm² in 2019) was obtained at N 147 kg/hm² and N 142 kg/hm², respectively. The total volatile oil and its components, β-eugenone and caryophyllin, increased continuously. The contents of eucalyptol, α-platycladone, camphor, borneol and α-caryophyllene reached the highest at N 180 kg/hm². The highest phenolic acids and flavonoids contents were obtained at N 60−120 kg/hm². In addition, N partial productivity, N absorption rate, and N agronomic efficiency of A. argyi leaves showed a decreasing trend with the increasing N application rate.

Conclusions The yield and quality response of A. argyi to N fertilizer application rate were the same in new and old fields. The N application rate for the highest yield was N 170 (168−172) kg/hm², N 144 (141−147) kg/hm² for the highest moxa yield, N 180 kg/hm² for the highest volatile oil contents, and N 60−120 kg/hm² for the highest phenolic acids and flavonoids contents.

基于蕲艾产量和品质的氮肥适宜施用量研究

The appropriate nitrogen fertilization rate to enhance Artemisia argyi yield and quality