滴灌水肥一体化对枸杞产量、水氮利用及经济效益的影响

刘朋召; 李孟浩; 宋仰超; 杨东; 高晓东; 任小龙; 陈小莉

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021166

滴灌水肥一体化对枸杞产量、水氮利用及经济效益的影响

Effects of fertigation on yield, water and nitrogen utilization and economic productivity benefit of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.)

摘要

摘要:
目的本研究针对当前柴达木盆地枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)生产中水肥过量施用的现象，通过分析水氮互作对枸杞水氮利用效率、产量及经济效益的影响，为当地枸杞种植节水减肥及增产增效提供理论依据。
方法试验于2018—2019年在青海省海西州德令哈市怀头他拉灌区进行，以2年生‘宁杞7号’为研究对象，采用水、氮两因素三水平设计，水分处理水平为W1 (198 m³/hm²)、W2 (158 m³/hm²)和W3 (119 m³/hm²)，氮肥水平为N1 (345 kg/hm²)、N2 (276 kg/hm²)和N3 (207 kg/hm²)。分析不同水氮条件对0—100 cm土层土壤蓄水量、耗水量、水氮利用效率、产量及经济效益的影响。
结果水氮互作对土壤蓄水量存在显著影响，其中W2N2处理两年内蓄水量最高。不同灌水处理间的水分利用效率表现为W2>W3>W1，与W1相比，W2和W3分别提高79.4%和59.3%。W2N3处理下水分利用效率最高，两年平均为17.26 kg/(hm²·mm)。两年平均氮肥偏生产力表现为W2>W3>W1。在相同灌溉水平下，氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加显著降低。所有处理中以W2N3的平均氮肥偏生产力最高，为15.71 kg/kg。灌水和施氮均可增加枸杞产量和经济效益，不同灌水处理间产量和经济效益整体均表现为W2>W3>W1。与W1相比，W2和W3产量分别提高49.4%和29.1%，净收益分别提高3.36和2.88倍；与W2N1处理相比，W2N2和W2N3产量分别提高10.6%和16.7%，净收益分别提高29.1%和41.6%。
结论只有适量灌水才可以提高0—100 cm土层含水量，提高枸杞水分利用效率。在适量灌溉条件下，降低氮肥投入有利于提高枸杞产量、水氮利用效率及经济效益。综合评价，灌水量150～160 m³/hm²，施氮200～220 kg/hm²为柴达木盆地枸杞种植适宜的水肥模式。

Abstract:
Objectives This study analyzed the effects of different water and nitrogen conditions on water and nitrogen utilization efficiency, yield and economic benefits of Lycium barbarum, so as to provide a theoretical basis for local Lycium barbarum cultivation to save water and increase yield and efficiency in Qaidam basin.
Methods The experiment was conducted in the Qaidam Basin at Huaiten Tula irrigation area, Qinghai Province from 2018 to 2019. The tested wolfberry cultivar was Ningqi 7, which was two years old. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with two factors, each having three levels. The three irrigation levels were W1 (198 m³/hm²), W2 (158 m³/hm²), and W3 (119 m³/hm²), and the three N levels were N1 (345 kg/hm²), N2 (276 kg/hm²), and N3 (207 kg/hm²). The water storage in 0–100 cm soil profile, the water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE), yield and economic benefit of wolfberry were analyzed.
Results Water and N interaction had a significant effect on soil water storage. The highest soil water storage was recorded in W2N2 treatment in the two trial years. The water use efficiency in water treatments was in order of W2>W3>W1, and that in W1 was79.4% and 59.3% lower than in W2 and W3. The highest WUE was recorded in W2N3 17.26 kg/(hm²·mm). The average N partial productivity (NPP) for the two years was in order W2>W3>W1. Under the same irrigation level, the NPP decreased with the increase of N levels, and the highest NPP (15.71 kg/kg) was recorded in W2N3. The yield and economic benefit of wolfberry were increased with irrigation and N application. The overall yield and economic benefit among irrigation treatments were W2>W3>W1. The wolfberry yield and the net income of W2 and W3 were 49.4% and 29.1% higher; and 3.36 times and 2.88 times respectively higher than thatse of W1. Compared with W2N1, the wolfberry yield of W2N2 and W2N3 treatments increased by 10.6% and 16.7%, respectively, while the net income increased by 29.1% and 41.6%, respectively.
Conclusions Only proper irrigation could significantly increase the water storage in 0–100 cm soil profile and decrease water consumption. Irrigation at 150–160 m³/hm² and N rate of 200–220 kg/hm² (W2N3) is the optimum combination for Lycium barbarum in Qaidam Basin.

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