含氯化肥不同施用量对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响及其后效

杨莉莉; 高义民; 张金水; 王兴梅; 同延安

doi:10.11674/zwyf.20421

摘要:

目的猕猴桃为喜氯作物，充足的含氯肥料能提高猕猴桃产量。研究猕猴桃的适宜含氯肥料用量，及过量施用含氯肥料是否会影响猕猴桃的产量及其后效，为猕猴桃园合理施用含氯肥料提供科学依据。

方法在猕猴桃 (Actinidia deliciosa) 园设置不同用量含氯化肥试验，共设5个施氯水平0 (Cl-0)、170 (Cl-170)、340 (Cl-340)、910 (Cl-910)、1480 (Cl-1480) kg/hm²，2014—2017年连续施用3年后，停止施用含氯肥料两年后 (2018和2019年)，取样分析猕猴桃产量、品质、植株和土壤氯离子含量。

结果停用含氯肥料两年后，Cl-170、Cl-340、Cl-910处理比Cl-0处理的猕猴桃产量分别增加7.5%、11.9%、18.0%，Cl-1480处理的产量与CK持平；Cl-910、Cl-1480处理的猕猴桃果实Vc含量与Cl-0处理无显著差异。在2017年，除Cl-170处理的叶片外，施氯处理的猕猴桃叶片、枝条、果实中的氯离子含量均显著高于Cl-0处理，叶片、枝条和果实中的氯离子含量随着施氯量的增加而增加；2019年，除Cl-1480处理的枝条和果实外，其余处理枝、叶、果实中氯离子含量与Cl-0处理没有显著差异。2017年，Cl-170、Cl-340、Cl-910、Cl-1480处理Cl^–在0—100 cm 土层没有累积，100 cm以下土层土壤Cl^–含量随施氯量的增加而增加；2019年，0—300 cm土层未见氯离子积累。

结论在本试验条件下，施用含氯肥料不会引起0—100 cm土层中氯离子的积累。施用适量含氯肥料 (170 kg/hm²) 可显著提高当年猕猴桃产量和品质。连续3年过量施用含氯肥料 (910和1480 kg/hm²) 显著提高了植株叶片、枝条和果实中的Cl^–含量，降低了猕猴桃产量和果实Vc含量，停止施用含氯肥料后，该不利影响随即消失，且施用含氯肥料 910 kg/hm²较不施含氯肥料仍有显著增产效果。因此，建议在猕猴桃果园施用适量含氯肥料；当含氯肥料施用严重过量时，可停止施用含氯肥料两年，可在维持较高的猕猴桃产量的同时，恢复猕猴桃的品质。

Abstract:

Objectives Kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ) is a chlorine-preferring plant, and appropriate amount of chloride-containing fertilizer can increase the yield of kiwifruit. Thus, we studied the effect of Cl^–-containing fertilizer on kiwifruit to understand best application rate of Cl^–-containing fertilizer on the yield of kiwifruit, to provide scientific basis for the rational application of chloride-containing fertilizers in kiwifruit orchard.

Methods We applied Cl^– containing fertilizers to kiwifruit orchard for three consecutive years (2014– 2017). The five application levels of chlorine were: 0 kg/hm²(Cl-0), 170 kg/hm²(Cl-170), 340 kg/hm²(Cl-340), 910 kg/hm²(Cl-910) and 1480 kg/hm² (Cl-1480). The fruit yield, quality and soil Cl^–content in 0–300 cm soil depth were monitored in 2017 and two years after cessation of Cl^–-containing fertilizer application (2018–2019).

Results In 2019, Cl-170, Cl-340, and Cl-910 treatments increased fruit yield by 7.5%, 11.9% and 18.0%, respectively, while the fruit yield in Cl-1480 was similar to that in Cl-0. The Cl^–contents in shoots, leaves and fruits in Cl-170, Cl-340 and Cl-910 were similar to that in Cl-0. The Cl^–contents in fruits and branches in Cl-1480 were significantly higher than those in Cl-0. The Cl^–accumulated in 100–300 cm soil depth, regardless of application levels of Cl^–containing fertilizer and application years. Complete leaching of Cl^–in the soil was detected at two years after cessation of Cl^–-containing fertilizer application.

Conclusions We found Cl-170 was the best chloride-containing fertilizers (170 kg/hm²) that improved the yield and quality of kiwifruit, with relatively low accumulation of chloride ion in soil and plant. Higher rates of chloride-containing fertilizers (Cl 910 and 1480 kg/hm²) resulted in decrease in yield and fruit Vc content, but these adverse effects disappeared immediately after the cessation of fertilizer application. Moreover, the residual effect of chloride-containing fertilizers is good for fruit yield. Thus, application of 170 kg/hm² chloride-containing fertilizers is recommended in kiwifruit orchard.

含氯化肥不同施用量对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响及其后效

Residual effects of chloride-containing fertilizers on kiwifruit yield and quality