绿洲灌区春小麦产量和氮素利用率对绿肥还田量的响应

王国璀; 张松茂; 胡发龙; 殷文; 樊志龙; 范虹; 于爱忠; 赵财; 柴强

doi:10.11674/zwyf.20589

绿洲灌区春小麦产量和氮素利用率对绿肥还田量的响应

Response of grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring wheat to green manure incorporation amount in oasis irrigation district

摘要

摘要:
目的西北绿洲灌区小麦多连作种植，存在氮肥投入量大、利用率低等问题。研究麦后复种绿肥对小麦产量和氮素利用的影响，以期为该区小麦氮素高效利用技术的构建提供理论依据。
方法 2018—2020年，在河西绿洲灌区开展小麦复种绿肥田间试验，春小麦季设置不施氮肥 (N₀) 和传统施氮量180 kg/hm² (N₁)处理，小麦收获后分别设置不复种绿肥 (G₀) 和复种毛叶苕子 (Vicia villosa Roth) 且盛花期还田处理，其还田量分别设置为15000 kg/hm² (G₁)、30000 kg/hm²(G₂)、45000 kg/hm² (G₃)，研究各处理对次年春小麦吸氮量、籽粒产量和氮肥利用率的影响。
结果绿肥还田显著提高春小麦地上部氮素累积量。在小麦季施氮条件下，G₁、G₂、G₃处理后季小麦氮素积累量较G₀处理分别增加8.7%～9.3%、15.3%～16.6%、11.9%～12.3%，不施氮条件下，G₁、G₂、G₃处理较G₀处理分别增加3.3%～4.0%、4.6%～5.6%、5.9%～8.4%。施氮结合绿肥还田提高了春小麦营养器官氮素向穗部的转运量、转运率及对籽粒的贡献率，以G₂处理提高幅度最大。与G₀处理相比，G₂处理小麦叶部和茎部氮素向穗部的转运量分别提高38.8%～49.5%和49.1%～64.7%，转运率分别提高8.0%～21.5%和13.0%～14.9%，对籽粒的贡献率分别提高11.0%～26.0%和25.6%～31.3%；在春小麦传统施氮量条件下，G₂处理有较高的籽粒产量、氮素收获指数与氮肥利用率，较G₀处理分别提高18.4%～27.6%、3.4%～7.2%与82.1%～105.3%。
结论在干旱绿洲灌区，绿肥还田30000 kg/hm²结合施氮180 kg/hm²是提高春小麦产量、氮肥利用率的高效农艺措施。

Abstract:
Objectives Continuous cultivation of spring wheat causes excessive N fertilizer input and reduction in N fertilizer utilization efficiency in Hexi Oasis Irrigation Region. Green manure ( Vicia villosa Roth) could be incorporated into soil after wheat harvest to achieve a high-efficient N management system but the optimal amount of green manure incorporation is not known and requires investigation.
Methods A field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020. The spring wheat was first cultivated with N 180 kg/hm² (N₁) and without N application (N₀). After the wheat harvest, green manure (Vicia villosa Roth) was incorporated into field at different rates i.e., no green manure (G₀, control), incorporation of 15000 kg/hm²(G₁), 30000 kg/hm² (G₂), and 45000 kg/hm² (G₃) green manure to the field at full blooming stage. N uptake, grain yield and N use efficiency of the wheat cultivated after green manure application were investigated.
Results Green manure incorporation significantly increased aboveground N accumulation of spring wheat. Compared to N₁G_0,N accumulation of wheat in N₁G₁, N₁G₂, and N₁G₃treatments increased by 8.7%‒9.3%, 15.3%‒16.6%, 11.9%‒12.3%. Compared to N₀G₀, N accumulation of wheat in N₀G₁, N₀G₂, and N₀G₃increased by 3.3%‒4.0%, 4.6%‒5.6%, 5.9%‒8.4%. In the two years, N rate, green manure returning amount and their interaction effects significantly affected the translocation amount, translocation rate and contribution of nitrogen from leaves and stems to panicles. Among all green manure treatments, N₁G₂treatment had the highest translocation and contribution value. Compared with N₁G₀, the N transfer amount of leaf-ear and stem-ear increased by 38.8%‒49.5% and 49.1%‒64.7%, the corresponding N transfer rate increased by 8.0%‒21.5% and 13.0%‒14.9%, and the contribution rate to grain increased by 11.0%‒26.0% and 25.6%‒31.3%, respectively. N₁G₂ treatment had the highest grain yield, N harvest index and N use efficiency. The fitting equation revealed that optimal nitrogen use efficiency could be obtained by incorporating green manure amount of 30000 kg/hm²into the field.
Conclusions In arid oasis irrigation area, incorporation of green manure at the rate of 30000 kg/hm² combined with 180 kg/hm² N application can be used as an efficient management technique for increasing grain yield and N use efficiency of spring wheat.

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