• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
李燕青, 温延臣, 林治安, 赵秉强. 不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(11): 1835-1846. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18494
引用本文: 李燕青, 温延臣, 林治安, 赵秉强. 不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(11): 1835-1846. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18494
LI Yan-qing, WEN Yan-chen, LIN Zhi-an, ZHAO Bing-qiang. Effect of different manures combined with chemical fertilizer on yields of crops and gaseous N loss in farmland[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(11): 1835-1846. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18494
Citation: LI Yan-qing, WEN Yan-chen, LIN Zhi-an, ZHAO Bing-qiang. Effect of different manures combined with chemical fertilizer on yields of crops and gaseous N loss in farmland[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(11): 1835-1846. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18494

不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响

Effect of different manures combined with chemical fertilizer on yields of crops and gaseous N loss in farmland

  • 摘要:
    目的 探讨本地区主要类型有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响,为不同类型有机肥的科学施用提供理论依据。
    方法 2014年10月—2015年9月在山东省中国农业科学院禹城试验基地进行了冬小麦–夏玉米田间小区试验,供试小麦品种为‘济麦22’,玉米品种为‘郑单958’。在常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/季) 基础上,设化肥 (CF)、鸡粪 (CHM)、猪粪 (PM) 和牛粪 (CM) 单施以及化肥分别与3种有机肥配施处理 (化肥氮分别占25%、50%、75%),13个处理;加倍施氮量下,有机肥和化肥单施 (DCF、DCHM、CPM、DCM) 4个处理;1个不施肥处理 (CK),共计18个处理。测定了小麦和玉米产量、N2O排放通量和NH3挥发通量。
    结果 常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/hm2) 下,单施鸡粪或猪粪的小麦、玉米产量与化肥相当,单施牛粪比化肥处理减产。分别与CF、CHM、PM、CM相比,DCF、DCHM、DPM处理无增产效果,DCM处理玉米表现为增产。猪粪和鸡粪与化肥各配施比例处理的小麦、玉米产量间无显著差异,且均与单施化肥处理相当;牛粪与化肥配施处理的小麦产量随化肥配施比例的提高而提高,玉米产量各配施比例处理间无显著差异。CF处理周年NH3挥发量为39.63 kg/hm2,是单施有机肥处理的37~53倍;单施化肥处理的NH3排放系数接近9%左右,单施有机肥处理的NH3排放系数只有0.2%左右。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年NH3挥发总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到75%时,周年NH3挥发总量与单施化肥处理相当。CF处理的周年N2O排放总量为2.85 kg/hm2,高于单施有机肥处理,三种有机肥N2O周年排放量由大到小依次为猪粪 (2.51 kg/hm2)>鸡粪 (1.91 kg/hm2)>牛粪 (1.85 kg/hm2) 处理;加倍施用化肥和有机肥的N2O排放量平均为常规施氮量的1.5倍以上。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年N2O排放总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到50%时,周年N2O排放总量达到或超过了单施化肥处理。CF处理N2O排放系数为0.4%左右,有机肥处理N2O排放系数为0.3%左右。有机肥处理的NH3挥发和N2O排放主要发生在小麦季,化肥处理主要发生在玉米季。加倍施肥均会明显增加NH3挥发总量和N2O排放总量,但不影响二者的排放系数。
    结论 不同粪肥与化肥配施对作物产量、田间N2O排放和NH3挥发的影响有明显差异。推荐施肥量下,鸡粪或猪粪不配施或配施少量化肥 (< 50%) ,牛粪配施75%左右的化肥可实现与化肥相当的作物产量,同时减少农田氮肥气态损失。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives The paper studied the yield and nitrogen loss caused by fertilization rate and combination proportions of manures with chemical fertilizer, to provide a theoretical basis for efficient use of different organic manures in the area.
    Methods A winter wheat/summer maize rotation field experiment was conducted in Yucheng Experimental Base of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, from October 2014 to September 2015. The tested wheat cultivar was Jimai22 and maize cultivar was Zhengdan958. In the conventional nitrogen application rate of N 225 kg/(hm2·season), chemical fertilizer (CF), chicken manure (CHM), pig manure (PM) and cattle manure (CM) were applied in different chemical and manure N ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). In addition, single application of double N rate of fertilizers (DCF, DCHM, DPM and DCM) and no fertilizer control were included in the experiment. The crop yields, N2O emission and NH3 volatilization flux were determined.
    Results In the N rate of 225 kg/hm2, the 100%CHM and 100%PM treatments had similar yields with 100%CF, but 100%CM treatment produced lower yields. Compared with their conventional N rate, DCF, DCHM and DPM had similar yields, while DCM increased maize yield significantly. The yields of wheat and maize in different proportion treatments of pig and chicken manure were all similar to those of 100%CF, and there was no significant difference among them. While among the combining treatments of cattle manure with chemical fertilizer, wheat yield decreased with the increasing ratios of cattle manure, and maize yields were less affected by the ratios. In N rate of 225 kg/hm2, 100%CF treatment had an annual NH3 volatilization of 39.63 kg/hm2, which was 37–53 folds greater than those of 100% CHM, PM and CM treatments. The NH3 discharge coefficient in 100%CF was approximately 9%, while those in the three 100% manure treatments was only 0.2%. The total annual NH3 volatilization quantities of organic manure with chemical fertilizer were increased significantly with increase of chemical fertilizer ratio. When the chemical fertilizer accounted for 75%, the total annual NH3 volatilization quantity was similar to that of 100%CF. Applying double N rate of CF, PM, CHM and CM all increased the annual NH3 volatilization significantly. NH3 volatilization occurred mainly during wheat season in manure treatments while mainly during maize season in CF treatments. The total annual N2O emission for 100%CF was 2.85 kg/hm2, higher than those of 100% manure treatments. The total annual N2O emission of the manures were in the order of pig manure (2.51 kg/hm2)>chicken manure (1.91 kg/hm2)>cattle manure (1.85 kg/hm2). The average N2O emission in the double N rate treatments was more than 1.5 times of those in conventional N rate. When the chemical fertilizer accounted for 50%, the total annual N2O emission quantity was similar to or higher than those of 100%CF. The N2O discharge coefficient for 100%CF was around 0.4%, while those for 100% manures were only about 0.3%. The NH3 and N2O emission was mainly occurred during wheat season in 100% manure treatments, whereas that was mainly during maize season in 100%CF. The NH3 and N2O emission quantities in double N rate treatments were significantly increased, but the discharge coefficients were kept the same.
    Conclusions Manure sources and nitrogen combining proportions with chemical fertilizer perform significanly different on crop yields, N2O emission and NH3 volatilization. Under the conventional N rate, chicken and pig manure could be applied alone or combined with a proportion of less than 50% of total N, while cow manure could be applied combined with more than 75% of chemical nitrogen, to achieve the similar crop yield as with chemical fertilizer alone, and reduce the gaseous loss of nitrogen fertilizer in farmland.

     

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