氯化钾对脐橙园土壤–树体氯积累及叶片营养和果实品质的影响

沈鑫健; 邱洁雅; 朱礼乾; 张晓勇; 曹立; 何义仲; 彭良志; 淳长品

doi:10.11674/zwyf.20458

氯化钾对脐橙园土壤–树体氯积累及叶片营养和果实品质的影响

Effects of potassium chloride application on chloride accumulation in soil-navel orange trees and leaf nutrition and fruit quality

摘要

摘要:
目的探讨施用氯化钾对脐橙叶片营养、果实产量及品质的影响，分析土壤和植株中氯元素含量与积累状况。
方法以9年生纽荷尔脐橙为试材，于2018—2019年连续进行了两年田间试验。脐橙果园土壤一个为酸性、一个为碱性。氯化钾年施用量处理为250 g/株 (T1)、500 g/株 (T2)、1000 g/株 (T3)，以硫酸钾556 g/株为对照 (CK)。在果实成熟期，测定了春梢和秋梢叶片中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cl元素和相对叶绿素含量，测产并取样测定了果实品质及Cl^–含量，在施肥后测定了0—20和20—40 cm土壤中的Cl^–含量。
结果 1) 施用不同量氯化钾后果皮、果肉中氯元素含量没有显著变化，土壤和叶片中氯元素含量显著增加。T1处理在酸性土中氯元素含量较碱性土中多，与CK相比，T1处理酸性土中氯元素含量平均增加50.20%，而碱性土增加28.02%；T2处理氯元素含量在酸性土与碱性土中相差不大；T3处理氯元素含量在碱性土中大于酸性土中，与CK相比，酸性土增加79.70%，碱性土增加99.36%。2)T1处理下，在酸性土上脐橙春、秋梢叶片氯元素含量较CK分别增加了21.9%和8.0%，在碱性土上分别增加25.5%和12.7%；T2处理下，在酸性土上分别增加51.9%和45.0%，碱性土上分别增加33.3%和19.3%；T3处理下，在碱性土上分别增加109.7%和98.7%，而在酸性土上分别增加63.8%和58.0%。施用氯化钾后叶片中相对叶绿素、氮和钙元素含量没有显著变化，钾和部分磷元素含量随氯化钾施用量的增多呈增加趋势，镁元素含量略有下降。3) 施用氯化钾对果实产量、单果重、亮度、黄色度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量均没有显著影响，部分果实红色度在施用氯化钾代替硫酸钾后显著提高，维生素C含量随氯化钾浓度的增高有增加趋势。
结论短期施用氯化钾对果实中氯元素含量无显著影响，土壤和叶片中氯元素含量则显著增加，但均处在安全阈值以内。短期施用氯化钾对柑橘果实产量及品质无显著不良影响，叶片营养受影响较小，因此，酸、碱性土壤脐橙园短期内施用适量的氯化钾代替硫酸钾是可行的。

Abstract:
Objectives The effects of potassium chloride on leaf nutrition, fruit yield and quality of navel orange, and chloride accumulation in the plants and soil were investigated.
Methods Field experiments were conducted in two orchards–acidic (pH 5.78) and alkaline soils (pH 7.44), respectively in 2018 and 2019. The test trees were 9-year-old of ‘Newhall’ navel orange ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck). The annual KCl application rate for each orange tree was 250 g (T1), 500 g (T2) and 1000 g (T3), taking K₂SO₄ rate of 556 g as control (CK). The leaf tissue contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl of spring and autumn shoots, peel and pulp of fruit were determined, the fruit yield and quality were evaluated, and the Cl^– contents in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths of soil were assessed.
Results Application of KCl significantly increased Cl^–contents in soil and leaves. The Cl^– content in acidic soils was 50.20% higher than CK under T1 treatment, and 79.70% higher than CK under T3 treatment. In alkaline soils, it was 28.02% higher than CK under T1 treatment, and 99.36% higher than CK under T3 treatment. 2) The contents of N and Ca in leaves had no significant changes after the application of KCl, the K and P contents increased with the increase of KCl rate, while the Mg content varied under T3 treatment. Compared with CK, the Cl^– content of leaves in spring and autumn shoots in acidic soils increased by 21.9% and 8.0% in T1 treatment, by 51.9% and 45.0% in T2 treatment and by 63.8% and 58.0% in T3 treatment, respectively. In alkaline soils, it increased by 25.5% and 12.7% in T1 treatment, by 33.3% and 19.3% in T2 treatment and by 109.7% and 98.7% in T3 treatment, respectively. 3) The application of KCl had no significant effect on fruit yield, single fruit weight, rind brightness, rind yellowness, soluble solids and titratable acid contents. The redness of some fruits increased significantly after the application of potassium chloride instead of potassium, and the content of vitamin C increased with increase in KCl concentration.
Conclusions Short-term application of potassium chloride does not influence the Cl^– content in the fruits, although increases the Cl^– contents significantly in leaves and soils, but not beyond the safety threshold, regardless of orchard soil pH. Short-term potassium chloride application does not adversely affect fruit yield and quality. Therefore, potassium chloride is recommended for navel orange orchard production.

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