• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

黑土区间作种植模式对玉米农艺性状和土壤养分的影响

Effects of intercropping patterns on agronomic traits of maize and soil nutrients in black soil

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 以玉米为主栽作物的合理间作种植模式，可在稳定玉米产量的同时收获一季配套间作作物，筛选适宜的间作模式可为黑土地保护与产能提升提供实践和技术支撑。
    方法 为了明确黑土区间作种植模式对玉米农艺性状、经济效益和土壤养分的影响，本研究于2021—2022年在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市典型黑土农田上设置了玉米单作(MM)、玉米间作绿豆(MB)、玉米间作油菜(MR)3种模式，分析了玉米农艺性状、产量构成、经济效益、土地当量比以及不同土层土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾的变化。
    结果 相对单作玉米，两种间作模式优势显著，年均净收益提高了17.6%～40.3%，土地当量比分别为1.31和1.34，土地利用效率提高了31%和34%；玉米间作绿豆显著提高了0—40 cm有机质(13.1%～14.9%)、0—20 cm全氮(7.9%～9.3%)、0—40 cm有效磷(37.0%～45.3%)和速效钾(10.1%～44.6%)；玉米间作油菜显著提高了0—40 cm土壤含水量(13.1%～22.0%)、20—40 cm全氮(10.5%)和0—40 cm速效钾(10.1%～44.6%)，但降低了有效磷含量。相对玉米间作油菜，间作绿豆的玉米茎粗和植株干重分别提高了6.0%和16.9%，玉米产量(9260 kg/hm2)和净收益(15623 元/hm2)分别提高了14.7%和19.3%，0—40 cm有机质和有效磷分别提高了13.1%～14.9%和37.0%～69.3%，但玉米间作油菜0—40 cm土壤含水量相对玉米间作绿豆显著提高了11.0%～16.4%。
    结论 间作较单作可显著提升土地利用效率和经济效益，玉米间作绿豆在增产、增收与地力提升上协同效应优异，宜作为黑土区优先推荐的间作种植模式，而玉米间作油菜的保水作用突出，可在干旱或半干旱黑土区选择性应用。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Reasonable intercropping patterns with maize as the main crop can maintain stable maize yield while harvesting a season of companion crops. Screening suitable intercropping patterns can provide practical and technical support for black soil protection and productivity enhancement.
    Methods To clarify the effects of intercropping patterns on agronomic traits, economic benefits, and soil nutrients of maize in the black soil region, three planting patterns maize monoculture (MM), maize intercropped with mung bean (MB), and maize intercropped with rape (MR) were set up in typical black soil farmland in Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province during 2021–2022. We analyzed maize agronomic traits, yield components, economic benefits, land equivalent ratio (LER), and changes in soil water content (SWC), organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) at different soil layers.
    Results Compared with maize monoculture (MM), both intercropping systems demonstrated significant advantages. The average annual net economic income increased by 17.6%–40.3%, and the land equivalent ratios (LER) reached 1.31 and 1.34, indicating 31% and 34% improvements in land use efficiency, respectively. Maize–mung bean intercropping (MB) significantly enhanced soil organic matter (SOM) by 13.1%–14.9% in the 0–40 cm layer, total nitrogen (TN) by 7.9%–9.3% in the 0–20 cm layer, and available phosphorus (AP) by 37.0%–45.3% and available potassium (AK) by 10.1%–44.6% in the 0–40 cm layer. Maize–rape intercropping (MR) significantly increased soil water content (SWC) by 13.1%–22.0% in the 0–40 cm layer, TN by 10.5% in the 20–40 cm layer, and AK by 10.1%–44.6% in the 0–40 cm layer, although its AP content was significantly lower than that of MM. Notable differences between the two intercropping patterns were also observed. Compared with MR, MB increased maize stem diameter and plant dry weight by 6.0% and 16.9%, respectively; elevated maize yield (9,260 kg/ha) and net income (15,623 yuan/ha) by 14.7% and 19.3%, respectively; and enhanced SOM and AP in the 0–40 cm layer by 13.1%–14.9% and 37.0%–69.3%, respectively. Conversely, MR significantly increased SWC in the 0–40 cm layer by 11.0%–16.4% compared with MB.
    Conclusions Intercropping significantly improves land-use efficiency and economic benefits compared with monoculture. Maize intercropped with mung bean exhibits superior synergistic effects in yield improvement, income enhancement, and soil fertility, and is recommended as the priority intercropping system in black soil regions. Maize intercropped with rape demonstrates prominent water retention capacity and can be selectively adopted in arid or semi-arid black soil areas.

     

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