Study on the suitable application rate and method of urea with short controlled-release period in winter wheat
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摘要: 【目的】控释尿素受土壤温度、 水分等环境条件的影响,应用效果不一。对比相同施氮量下一次性基施控释尿素与尿素分期施用,以及控释尿素和普通尿素追施对冬小麦籽粒产量、 品质, 氮肥利用率及综合经济效益的影响,可为控释尿素的合理施用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】采用大田试验,选用新麦26为供试材料,随机区组试验设计,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量、 主要品质性状、 氮肥利用率及经济效益。设两个试验,试验1: 控释尿素和普通尿素各设5个氮肥水平,即N 0、 120、 160、 200和240 kg/hm2; 试验2: 设不施氮肥、 N 200 kg/hm2总氮量下普通尿素和控释尿素均40%返青期追施3个处理。【结果】 1)与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素和普通尿素均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中以分期施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2处理籽粒产量最高。相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理(N 160 kg/hm2除外)。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理,增产率达15.8%; 2)相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理较一次性基施控释尿素处理的小麦籽粒容重、 蛋白质含量、 水分含量、 湿面筋含量均有所提高,且两种尿素处理间籽粒容重在N 160 kg/hm2和N 200 kg/hm2时差异达显著水平。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒容重、 湿面筋含量、 蛋白质含量等品质指标显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理; 3)两种尿素处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而降低,在相同施氮量下分期施用普通尿素处理显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理。此外,与分期施用普通尿素处理相比,一次性基施控释尿素处理减少了小麦拔节期追肥人工成本投入,但由于一次性基施控释尿素处理籽粒产量较低和氮肥价格较高,导致经济效益相对较低。然而,试验2结果表明,返青期追施控释尿素处理氮素利用率(氮肥农学效率、 氮肥偏生产力及氮素回收率)和经济效益显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理。【结论】本研究地区较适宜的推荐氮肥施用量为N 200 kg/hm2,一次性基施控释尿素较适宜于劳力欠缺的农户,而对于个别劳力充足的农户则适宜采用分期追施普通尿素或者小麦返青期追施控释尿素的氮肥管理技术。因此,在当前农村劳动力日益减少,用工成本日益增加以及种粮比较效益持续降低的大环境下,氮素肥料合理选择和施用技术要依据实际情况而定。Abstract: 【Objectives】The application effect of controlled-release urea is usually affected by temperature,soil moisture and other environmental factors,so the reported effect was varied. To provide theoretical and technical supports for selecting the appropriate nitrogen fertilizers and application methods,two comparison experiments between the controlled-release urea and common urea application on winter wheat were performed.【Methods】 A wheat cultivar,Xinmai 26 was used as the experimental crop,and two field experiments were designed with a randomized block. Grain yield,quality traits,nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of winter wheat between controlled-release urea and common urea were systematically studied. In the 1st experiment, the controlled-release urea was basal applied in one time, and 60% of commercial urea was basal applied and 40% top dressed at reviving stage, all the two kinds of urea were applied in the five levels: 0(CK1),120,160,200 and 240 kg/hm2,respectively. In the second experiment, using no N fertilizer as control(CK2),200 kg/hm2 of N was applied, and controlled-release urea and commercial urea were all applied in ratio of top-dressed 40%.【Results】 1)Compared to CK1,grain yield of winter wheat was significantly increased with the increase of nitrogen application rates of both controlled-release urea and common urea,and the treatment with common urea split application reached the highest grain yield as much as N 240 kg/hm2. Compared with controlled-release urea one-time application at the same nitrogen rate,the treatment with common urea split application could significantly increase grain yield of winter wheat but not exhibit significant difference at the N 160 kg/hm2 nitrogen rate. However,compared with topdressing common urea at reviving stage,topdressing controlled-release urea could significantly increase grain yield of winter wheat by 15.8%. 2)Under the same nitrogen rate,compared with controlled-release urea one-time application as base fertilization,common urea split application could increase grain bulk density,grain protein content,grain moisture content,wet gluten content of winter wheat,and grain bulk density at nitrogen application rate with N 160 kg/hm2 and N 200 kg/hm2 exhibited significant increases. However,topdressing controlled-release urea at reviving stage could significantly increase grain bulk density,wet gluten content and grain protein content of winter wheat compared with topdressing common urea. 3)Nitrogen use efficiency such as nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity was decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate for both common urea and controlled-release urea,and nitrogen use efficiency in the treatment with common urea split application was significantly higher than that in the treatment with controlled-release urea one-time application at the same nitrogen rate. Compared with common urea split application,controlled-release urea one-time application as base fertilization reduced labor cost of nitrogen topdressing at the jointing stage of winter wheat,but the grain yield decreased and the increase in input cost eventually resulted in lower economic benefit in the treatment with controlled-release urea one-time application. However,the results of 2nd experiment showed that,compared with topdressing common urea at reviving stage of winter wheat,topdressing controlled-release urea at this stage could significantly increase nitrogen use efficiency including nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency,nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen N recovery efficiency,and economic benefit. 【Conclusions】The rate of recommended nitrogen is 200 kg/hm2 in this region. Based on a consideration of labor shortage of farmers,controlled release urea is suitable for one-time base application,and when farmer labors are abundant,common urea is suitable for base and topdressing fertilizer,or controlled-release urea suitable for topdressing fertilizer at reviving stage of winter wheat. Therefore,appropriate urea types and application methods as nitrogen fertilizer could be chosen to increase farmers income depending on the actual situation under the background of limited labor in rural area as well as increase in labor force cost and decrease in benefits of growing grain crop at present.
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Keywords:
- controlled-release urea /
- common urea /
- winter wheat /
- grain yield /
- nitrogen(N)use efficiency /
- economic benefit
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