Maize yield responses to potassium fertilizer and regional differences in Jilin Province
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摘要:目的
本研究利用测土配方施肥项目田间试验的大样本数据，分析吉林省玉米施钾增产效应在生态区及县域尺度上的差异，为促进玉米高产稳产和钾肥资源高效利用提供参考。
方法基于2005—2013年吉林省玉米“3414”田间试验中推荐施钾 (N2P2K2) 和不施钾 (N2P2K0) 处理，分析生态区及县域尺度上玉米施钾的产量反应、农学利用率和肥料贡献率，建立玉米施钾产量、钾肥贡献率与基础产量之间的关系，从而评估吉林省玉米施钾的增产效应及区域差异。
结果不施钾条件下，吉林东部湿润山区、中部半湿润平原区和西部半干旱平原区玉米的基础产量平均分别为8.44 t/hm2 (3.29～14.5 t/hm2)、9.45 t/hm2 (3.77～15.3 t/hm2) 和8.11 t/hm2 (3.89～12.84 t/hm2)。施用钾肥显著提高三大区域玉米产量，东、中、西部平均分别增产1.31 t/hm2 (18.1%)、1.06 t/hm2 (12.2%) 和1.30 t/hm2 (17.4%)。推荐施钾条件下，东、中、西部玉米施钾的平均农学利用率分别为19.7、14.6和20.2 kg/kg，平均肥料贡献率分别为13.9%、10.2%和13.6%。统计分析显示，三大区域之间玉米施钾的增产量无显著差异，东部增幅显著高于中部，农学利用率和肥料贡献率东部也显著高于中、西部。回归分析发现，各区域玉米的施钾产量均与基础产量呈极显著正相关关系，符合线性模型，东部为y = 0.769 x + 3261 (R2 = 0.616**)，中部为y = 0.883 x + 2158 (R2 = 0.757**)，西部为y = 0.873 x + 2328 (R2 = 0.637**)；而钾肥贡献率均与基础产量呈极显著负相关关系，符合对数模型，东部为y = –28.4 ln(x) + 270.1 (R2 = 0.348**)，中部为y = –15.9 ln(x) + 156.1 (R2 = 0.172**)，西部为y = –16.3 ln(x) + 160.6 (R2 = 0.123**)。随土壤基础供钾能力的提高，东部玉米施钾产量的增幅和钾肥贡献率的降幅明显高于中、西部。
结论吉林省玉米的钾肥管理应根据区域土壤钾素状况、自然气候条件和钾肥效应进行合理配置，现阶段应适当增加东部湿润山区玉米生产的钾肥资源配置，提高土壤供钾能力，促进玉米高产稳产。
Abstract:ObjectivesIn this study, maize yield responses to potassium (K) fertilizer in Jilin Province and the regional difference at the scale of ecological zones and counties were estimated, based on the big data of field experiments in Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Project, aiming efficiently to provide references for high and stable yields and high use efficiency of K fertilizer in local maize production.
MethodsThe data were collected from the treatments N2P2K2 (+K) and N2P2K0 (–K) in maize “3414” field experiments carried out in Jilin Province during 2005–2013. The yield response, agronomic efficiency (AE) and fertilizer contribution rate (FCR) of K fertilizer and their regional differences were estimated at ecological zones and county levels. The relationships between maize yield brought by K application, FCRs and the basic yields were established to determine the effects of K fertilizer on maize yield and the regional difference.
ResultsIn the –K treatment, maize yields ranged from 3.29–14.5 t/hm2 and averaged 8.44 t/hm2 in eastern humid mountainous area (EHMA), ranged from 3.77–15.3 t/hm2 and averaged 9.45 t/hm2 in central sub-humid plain area (CSPA), and ranged from 3.89–12.84 t/hm2 and averaged 8.11 t/hm2 in western semi-arid plain area (WSPA). The K fertilization significantly increased maize yield across the ecological zones, with averaged yield increases of 1.31 t/hm2 (18.1%) in EHMA, 1.06 t/hm2 (12.2%) in CSPA and 1.30 t/hm2 (17.4%) in WSPA, respectively. Under current optimal K fertilizer management practices, the averaged AE of K fertilizer was 19.7 kg/kg in EHMA, 14.6 kg/kg in CSPA, and 20.2 kg/kg in WSPA. The values for FCR of K fertilizer were 13.9%, 10.2% and 13.3% in the three ecological zones, respectively. Statistical analysis results indicated that maize yield response were equal among different ecological zones, but yield increase rate was significantly higher in EHMA than that in CSPA. Both the highest AE and FCR of K fertilizer were observed in EHMA. A significant positive and linear correlation was observed in maize yields between +K and –K treatments in each ecological zone, the model equation was y = 0.769 x + 3261 (R2 = 0.616**) for EHMA, y = 0.883 x + 2158(R2 = 0.757**) for CSPA and y = 0.873 x + 2328(R2 = 0.637**) for WSPA. Meanwhile, a significant negative and logarithmic correlation was observed between FCRs of K fertilizer and maize yields in –K treatment, these model equations were y = –28.4 ln(x) + 270.1(R2 = 0.348**), y = –15.9 ln(x) + 156.1(R2 = 0.172**) and y = –16.3 ln(x) + 160.6(R2 = 0.123**), respectively. Compared with the other ecological zones, with the increasing of soil K supply capacity, EHMA showed larger increase in maize yield in +K treatment and greater decrease in FCR of K fertilizer.
ConclusionsThe maize K fertilizer management in Jilin Province should be optimized based on regional soil K content, natural climatic conditions and crop responses to K fertilizer. At the present stage, more K fertilizer should be applied in EHMA to enhance soil K supply capacity and ensure high and stable grain yield.
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Keywords:
- Jilin Province /
- soil potassium /
- regional difference /
- potash use efficiency /
- maize grain yield
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图 1 吉林省玉米施钾量的县域差异
Figure 1. County scale differences in K fertilization rate of maize in Jilin Province
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图 2 吉林省不同区域玉米施钾的产量效应
[注（Note）：箱子上方不同小写字母表示施钾处理间差异显著The different lowercase letters above boxes indicate significant differences between +K and –K treatments (P < 0.05). *—区域间差异显著Significant differences among regions at 0.05 level. 每个箱子上、下线段分别表示25%和75%分位值，箱子内部虚线和实线分别表示平均值和中值The upper and lower limits of each box represent 25% and 75% percentiles，the horizontal dashed and solid lines inside each box indicate mean and median values，respectively.]
Figure 2. Maize yield responses to K fertilizer in different regions of Jilin Province
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图 3 吉林省玉米不同县域的不施钾产量 (A) 与施钾产量 (B) 及其相关关系
Figure 3. Maize yields in –K (A) and +K (B) treatments and their relationship in the different counties of Jilin Province
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图 4 吉林省不同县域玉米施钾的增产量 (A) 与增产率 (B)
Figure 4. Maize yield increase (A) and yield increase rate (B) of K fertilizer applied in the different counties of Jilin Province
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图 5 吉林省不同县域玉米施钾的农学利用率 (A) 和肥料贡献率 (B)
Figure 5. Agronomic efficiency (A) and fertilizer contribution rate (B) of K fertilizer in the different counties of Jilin Province
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图 6 吉林省不同区域玉米施钾产量与不施钾产量的关系
[注（Note）：图中虚线为1∶1线 The dash line indicates 1∶1 diagonal line.]
Figure 6. Relationships between maize yields in +K and –K treatments in different regions of Jilin Province
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图 7 吉林省不同区域玉米钾肥贡献率与–K处理产量的关系
Figure 7. Relationships between K fertilizer contribution rate and maize yield in –K treatment in different regions of Jilin Province
表 1 吉林省不同区域玉米施钾的增产效果和钾肥利用率
Table 1 Maize yield increase and K fertilizer use efficiency in the different regions of Jilin Province
地区
Region样本数
Sample number项目
Item增产量
Yield increase
(t/hm2)增产率
Yield increase rate
(%)农学利用率 (kg/kg)
Agronomic efficiency肥料贡献率 (%)
Fertilizer contribution rate东部湿润山区
East humid mountain area266 平均值Mean 1.31 ± 1.15 18.1 ± 17.2 19.7 ± 15.0 13.9 ± 10.6 范围Range –1.25～5.57 0～129.7 0～74.2 0～56.5 中部半湿润平原区
Central sub-humid plain area567 平均值Mean 1.06 ± 0.86 12.2 ± 9.9 14.6 ± 11.2 10.2 ± 7.3 范围Range –1.19～4.62 0～65.4 0～67.9 0～39.6 西部半干旱平原区
West semi-arid plain area277 平均值Mean 1.30 ± 1.02 17.4 ± 16.0 20.2 ± 14.8 13.6 ± 9.3 范围Range –0.43～6.42 0～165.0 0～71.2 0～62.3 单因素方差分析 (P)
One-way ANOVA自变量
Independent variable< 0.001** < 0.001** < 0.001** < 0.001** 协方差分析 (P)
UNIANOVA自变量
Independent variable0.311 ns < 0.036* < 0.001** < 0.001** 协变量
Concomitant variable< 0.001** < 0.001** < 0.001** < 0.001** 多重比较 (P)
Multiple comparisonsEHMA vs CSPA 0.133 ns 0.012* < 0.001 ** < 0.001 ** EHMA vs WSPA 0.414 ns < 0.638 ns < 0.001 ** < 0.001 ** CSPA vs WSPA 0.547 ns < 0.068 ns 0.961 ns 0.959 ns 注（Note）：协方差分析中，增产量、增产率、农学利用率和肥料贡献率的协变量分别为不施钾产量、不施钾产量、施钾量和施钾产量 In UNIANOVA, the concomitant variables were maize yield in –K treatment for yield increase, maize yield in –K treatment for yield increase rate, K fertilization rate for agronomic efficiency and maize yield in +K treatment for fertilizer contribution rate, respectively. *—P < 0.05；**—P < 0.01；ns—差异不显著No significant difference. 
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