Effects of one-time application of controlled-release urea combinated with solid granular urea on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of spring maize in dryland
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摘要:目的
通过田间试验研究施氮量和施肥方式对旱作春玉米产量、经济效益、干物质累积量、氮素累积利用和土壤无机氮残留的影响,为春玉米高产及高效施肥提供理论支撑。
方法本研究采用裂区试验,以施肥方式为主处理,包括常规尿素一次施肥 (OF)、常规尿素分次施肥 (TF) 和常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 (MF);施氮量为副处理,设0、60、120、180、240、300 kg/hm2 6个施氮水平(N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300)。在玉米十叶期 (V10)、吐丝期 (R1)、灌浆期 (R3)、成熟期 (R6) 分别采集植株样品,测定植株生物量,并按器官分类测定不同部位的氮含量。
结果1) 3种施肥方式下,随着施氮量的增加产量逐渐增加,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,产量不再显著增加。MF施氮处理的平均产量较OF和TF处理分别显著提高了5.0%和4.2%,经济效益分别提高了7.9%和25.7%。2) 增施氮肥显著增加了干物质累积量,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,收获期干物质累积量不再显著增加。N240处理吐丝期和收获期的干物质累积量MF较OF分别增加了19.5%和12.5%。3) 增施氮肥显著增加了花前、花后和氮素总累积量。MF方式的N240处理氮素总累积量较OF和TF方式分别显著增加了32.7%、20.9%。4) 增施氮肥显著增加了收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量。相同施氮量下,收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量和茎、叶氮向籽粒的转移量都表现为MF>TF>OF,且MF方式显著高于OF方式。5) 相比OF和TF方式,MF方式显著提高了氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率,显著降低了无机氮残留和氮表观损失。
结论常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥方式在施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,显著提高了春玉米的产量、经济效益、氮素累积量和肥料利用率,降低了土壤无机氮残留,为当地高产和高效施肥的最佳方式。
Abstract:ObjectivesA two-year on-farm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) application rate and fertilization method on spring maize yield, economic income, dry matter accumulation, N accumulation and utilization, and soil inorganic N residues in dryland.
MethodsThe experiment had a split-plot design with three fertilization methods (solid granular urea one-time fertilization (OF), solid granular urea basal and top-dress fertilization (TF), and one-time application of a mixture of controlled-release urea and solid granular urea (MF)) as the main factors and six different N application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 kg/hm2 (expressed as N0, N60, N120, N180, N240, N300, respectively) as the sub-factors. For the assessment of biomass and total N contents, maize samples were collected at stage of 10 expanded leaves (V10), silking stage (R1), milking ripening stage (R3) and harvest stage (R6).
Results1) Yield did not increase when N application rate reached 240 kg/hm2 in the three fertilization methods. Yield under MF method was 5.0% and 4.2% higher than those under OF and TF methods, respectively. Economic income under MF method was 7.9% and 25.7% higher than those under OF and TF methods, respectively. 2) Dry matter accumulation increased significantly with increase of N application rate in the three fertilization methods. Dry matter accumulation at silking and harvest stages under MF method were significantly higher (19.5% and 12.5% at 240 kg/hm2, respectively) than those under OF method. 3) Periodical N accumulation at silking and harvest stages increased significantly with N application rate. Total N accumulation due to application of MF method at 240 kg/hm2 rate (N240) was 32.7% and 20.9% higher than those of OF and TF methods, respectively. 4) N content of stem, leaf and grain at harvest stage and N translocation amount from stem and leave to grain increased significantly with N application rate. Average stem, leaf and grain N contents, and N translocation amount were higher in MF method than those in TF and OF methods. 5) MF method significantly increased the partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery rate of N and decreased soil mineral N content at harvest stage and apparent N loss, compared with those of OF and TF methods.
ConclusionsMF method significantly increased yield, economic income, nitrogen accumulation and utilization, but reduced soil Nmin at harvest when N application rate was 240 kg/hm2.
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玉米是我国主要的粮食作物,对我国粮食安全至关重要[1]。现阶段玉米生产目标已由产量转向优质、绿色、高效等多目标,增加产量与提高生产效率同等重要[2]。
合理的施氮量是保证玉米高产的必要条件。受“施氮越多产量越高”的错误观念影响,氮肥过量施用的现象普遍存在,这不仅对产量提高没有帮助,还会导致氮素利用效率下降,造成氮素的大量损失和浪费并引起一系列的环境问题[3-4]。巨晓棠等[5]研究表明,当氮肥投入量低于经济最佳施氮量时,玉米增产效果得不到发挥,产量较低;而当氮肥投入量超过经济最佳施氮量时,玉米产量不再随施氮量增加而增加,反而会导致氮肥利用率下降。因此,探索既能满足玉米在整个生育期对养分的需求,又不造成环境污染的施氮量至关重要。
在保证施氮量适宜的条件下,合理的施肥方式也可以提高玉米的产量。“一炮轰”施肥方式虽然提高了劳动效率,但并没有显著提高玉米产量,严重时还会出现前期烧苗后期脱肥早衰的现象[6]。与“一炮轰”施肥方式相比,氮肥分次施用能够更好的协调养分供应与作物吸收之间的矛盾,利于作物高产,但在覆膜条件下后期追肥困难,费时费工且会对玉米植株造成伤害[7]。随着技术的发展,控释氮肥的研制与运用成为解决上述问题的新途径。将控释肥技术融入到一次施肥中,不仅避免了一次性施肥技术的不足,也能够使作物获得与尿素分次施肥相当的产量[8-10]。尽管控释肥实现了一次施肥技术,但其前期养分释放缓慢且成本较高,阻碍了其大面积推广[11-12]。为了解决这一矛盾,将控释氮肥与普通尿素按适宜比例进行掺混施用,不仅保证了前期养分供给,也减少了成本投入[13]。
有关山西省尿素掺混控释肥对春玉米生长影响的研究鲜有报道,且省内玉米产量占粮食总产量的比例逐年增加,截至到2019年已占粮食总产量的68.9%,因此在山西省探索合理的施肥方式和施氮量势在必行。本研究通过2年田间试验比较了常规尿素一次施肥、常规尿素分次施肥和常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥3种施肥技术下,不同施氮量对玉米产量、干物质累积量、氮素累积利用及土壤无机氮残留的影响,进一步明确该区域的最佳施肥方式及最佳施氮量,为当地玉米增产增收提供理论依据和技术支撑。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验地概况
田间试验于2019和2020年在山西省朔州市应县 (39°34′9″N、113°6′11″E) 试验基地进行。该区位于山西省北部,属北温带半湿润大陆性气候,年均气温7℃左右,年均降水量360 mm。试验地土壤为轻度硫酸盐盐化土,土壤(0—20 cm)化学性状:有机质10.84 g/kg、矿质氮7.30 mg/kg、全氮0.56 g/kg、速效磷8.36 mg/kg、速效钾70.0 mg/kg、pH 8.3。2019和2020年月均气温和降雨情况见图1,两年春玉米生育期总降水量分别为264.2和325.9 mm。
1.2 试验设计
本研究采用裂区试验,主处理为3个施肥方式:常规尿素一次施肥 (OF)、常规尿素分次施肥 (TF) 和常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 (MF);副处理为6个氮肥用量:设0、60、120、180、240、300 kg/hm2 (表示为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300)。OF和MF方式为玉米播种前所有氮肥一次性基施,TF方式为两次施肥,总施氮量的40%在播前基施,60%在十叶期 (V10) 采用穴施方法追施。控释尿素为树脂包膜尿素 (N 44%) 释放期为70 天,产自安徽茂施新型肥料有限公司,常规尿素与控释尿素的掺混比例为2∶1。各处理磷、钾肥施用量相同,磷肥为过磷酸钙 (P2O5 12%),施用量为 P2O5 90 kg/hm2;钾肥为硫酸钾 (K2O 51%),施用量为K2O 45 kg/hm2,均于播前以基肥的方式施入。
试验地生育期内覆膜无灌水,选用‘先玉335’为供试品种,种植密度为60000株/hm2,50 cm等行距种植,株距33.3 cm。小区面积为30 m2,设3次重复,随机区组排列。2019年5月11日播种,10月6日收获;2020年4月28日播种,10月4日收获。在玉米十叶期 (V10)、吐丝期 (R1)、灌浆期 (R3) 和成熟期 (R6) 每个小区采集3株长势相同的玉米,按器官分类,在105℃下杀青1 h后在75℃下烘干至恒重,称取干重后粉碎样品,测定各器官全氮含量。收获时每小区测产8 m2,调查株数、穗数,测定穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、含水量等,并计算籽粒产量 (按含水量15.5%折算)。土壤样品在播前和收获后每个小区按照每层20 cm采集0—100 cm土样,用1 mol/L KCl溶液浸提,通过流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量。所用数据为两年试验结果的平均值。
1.3 计算公式
经济效益 (元/hm2) = 产量 × 单价 - 成本 (肥料、种子、地膜、人工、机械)
氮素累积量 (kg/hm2) = 干物质质量 × 氮素含量
花后氮素累积量 (kg/hm2) = 成熟期氮素累积量 - 吐丝期氮素累积量
氮素转移量 (kg/hm2) = 吐丝期营养体氮素累积量 - 成熟期营养体氮素累积量
农学效率 (kg/kg) = (施氮区籽粒产量 - 不施氮区籽粒产量) /施氮量
偏生产力 (kg/kg) = 施氮籽粒产量/施氮量
表观回收率 (%) = (施氮区氮素累积量 - 不施氮区氮素累积量) /施氮量×100
氮表观损失 (kg/hm2) = 施氮量 + 播前土壤无机氮 + 净矿化量 - 作物吸收 - 收获土壤残留
1.4 数据处理与分析
采用Microsoft Excel 2013软件对数据进行统计,采用SPSS 18.0进行方差齐性检验、方差分析及相关性分析,采用Sigmaplot 12.0作图。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米产量的影响
由表1可知,施氮量和施肥方式显著影响籽粒产量、百粒重、穗粒数和经济效益,二者对百粒重和经济效益有显著正交互作用。OF、TF、MF 3种施肥方式下施氮处理的产量和经济效益均在一定氮肥用量范围内随着施氮量的增加而显著增加,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,3种施肥方式的产量不再显著增加,其N240处理的产量较其N0处理分别提高了94.0%、103.0%、111.9%;当OF、TF、MF 3种施肥方式的施氮量分别达到240、180、240 kg/hm2后,经济效益不再显著增加,在这3个施氮水平下较N0处理经济效益分别提高了260.7%、198.5%、307.3%。百粒重和穗粒数随施氮量的变化趋势与产量一致。
表 1 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米产量及经济效益的影响Table 1. Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on yield and economic income of spring maize施肥方式
Fertilization method氮肥用量处理
N application rate产量
Grain yield
(t/hm2)百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)穗粒数
Kernels
(No./ear)穗数
Spikes
(×103/hm2)经济效益
Economic income
(yuan/hm2)OF N0 6.7 e 29.1 e 456 e 63.8 b 4978 e N60 9.4 d 30.6 d 543 d 65.8 ab 10693 d N120 11.0 c 33.0 c 581 c 67.7 ab 14035 c N180 11.9 b 34.4 b 590 c 71.5 a 15816 b N240 13.0 a 35.7 ab 617 b 70.8 a 17954 a N300 13.5 a 36.5 a 631 a 68.1 ab 18648 a TF N0 6.7 f 29.1 d 456 d 63.8 b 4978 d N60 9.2 e 31.4 c 542 c 68.5 a 8529 c N120 11.1 d 33.4 b 584 b 71.0 a 11179 b N180 12.4 c 34.8 a 597 b 69.8 a 14861 a N240 13.6 a 35.3 a 639 a 71.0 a 16206 a N300 13.0 b 34.7 a 604 b 72.7 a 14707 a MF N0 6.7 d 29.1 d 456 e 63.8 c 4978 e N60 10.3 c 33.3 c 564 d 67.7 b 12769 d N120 11.8 b 34.3 b 588 cd 71.9 a 15702 c N180 12.8 b 36.1 a 617 bc 70.4 ab 17566 b N240 14.2 a 36.7 a 659 a 70.2 ab 20277 a N300 13.0 ab 35.9 a 630 b 68.5 b 17286 bc 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** ** ns ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** ** ** ** F × N ns ** ns ns ** 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式下处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; **—P < 0.01. OF、TF和MF施肥方式的5个施氮处理的平均产量分别为10.9、11.0、11.5 t/hm2,以MF方式最高,且分别显著高于OF和TF方式5.0%和4.2%。在N60和N240处理下,MF方式产量显著高于OF和TF方式,3种施肥方式的其他施氮量处理的产量差异不显著。将OF、TF和MF施肥方式的产量与施氮量通过二次函数曲线拟合,得出最高产量对应的施氮量分别为311.9、272.2、235.6 kg/hm2,对应产量分别为13.4、13.3、13.7 t/hm2。OF、TF和MF 3种施肥方式下所有施氮量的平均经济效益分别为13687、11743、14763 元/hm2,MF方式分别显著高于OF和TF方式7.9%和25.7%。同一施氮量下,MF方式的经济效益均最高,将OF、TF和MF 3种施肥方式的经济效益与施氮量通过二次函数曲线拟合,得出最高经济效益对应的施氮量分别为297.5、268.8、225.3 kg/hm2,对应的经济效益分别为18473、15464、19157 元/hm2。
2.2 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米干物质累积的影响
由图2可知,施氮水平对各生育期的干物质累积量影响极显著 (P < 0.01),施肥方式对V10和R3的干物质积累量没有显著影响,对R1和R6的干物质积累量影响达到显著和极显著水平。OF施肥方式下,R6的干物质最大累积量出现在N300处理,而TF和MF施肥方式出现在N240处理。OF、TF、MF施肥方式下施氮处理干物质的平均累积量在R1分别为7.3、7.5、7.8 t/hm2,在R6分别为17.5、18.0、18.4 t/hm2,均表现为MF > TF > OF,且MF施肥方式显著高于OF方式。当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,MF施肥方式在R1和R6的干物质累积量较OF施肥方式分别增加了19.5%和12.5%。
图 2 不同生育期春玉米干物质累积变化趋势[注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer;TF—常规尿素分次施肥40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage;MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer;变异来源Source of variations;PT—播前Before seeding;ns—差异不显著No significant difference;*—P < 0.05;**—P < 0.01.]Figure 2. Dry matter accumulation curves of spring maize at different growth stages2.3 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米氮素吸收的影响
由图3可知,3种施肥方式下,花前、花后和氮素总累积量不同氮肥用量处理间差异均达到极显著水平 (P < 0.01)。
图 3 春玉米花前、花后氮素累积量[注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer;TF—常规尿素分次施肥40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage;MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer;柱上不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments under the same fertilization method (P < 0.05);ns—差异不显著No significant difference;*—P < 0.05;**—P < 0.01.]Figure 3. N accumulation of spring maize before and after silking增施氮肥显著增加了花前和花后的氮素累积量。当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,OF、TF、MF 3种施肥方式的花前和花后氮素累积量均较高,施氮处理花前氮素累积量均值分别为85.2、96.4、106.2 kg/hm2,花后分别为52.8、49.2、53.0 kg/hm2,氮素总累积量均值分别为137.9、145.7、159.2 kg/hm2。MF方式花前氮素积累量和氮素总累积量平均值显著高于OF和TF方式。MF方式在施氮量为180、240、300 kg/hm2时花前氮素累积量分别显著高于OF和TF方式,在施氮量为60、180、240 kg/hm2时氮素总累积量分别显著高于OF和TF方式。当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,MF方式花前和氮素总累积量较OF和TF方式增加最多,花前氮素累积量分别增加了42.1%和16.4%,氮素总累积量分别增加了32.7%和20.9%。
2.4 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米氮素转运的影响
由表2可知,施氮量和施肥方式以及二者互作均极显著影响收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量。
表 2 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米收获期氮含量和氮素转运的影响Table 2. Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on N concentration at harvest and N translocation of spring maize施肥方式
Fertilization method氮肥用量处理
N application rate收获期氮含量 (g/kg)
N concentration at harvest氮素转移量 (kg/hm2)
N translocation amount茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 籽粒 Grain 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf OF N0 2.3 cd 6.2 d 8.7 c 8.4 d 20.2 c N60 2.2 d 8.3 c 9.0 c 14.4 c 22.7 c N120 2.3 cd 8.6 bc 10.5 b 17.2 b 26.5 bc N180 2.5 c 9.3 b 11.6 a 18.4 ab 30.3 b N240 2.8 b 9.2 b 11.8 a 19.8 ab 37.8 a N300 3.3 a 10.4 a 11.8 a 20.3 a 37.6 a TF N0 2.3 b 6.2 e 8.7 e 8.4 e 20.2 e N60 2.4 b 8.3 d 10.2 d 15.6 d 25.3 d N120 3.1 a 9.2 c 10.9 c 19.6 cd 32.1 c N180 3.0 a 10.5 b 11.3 b 21.0 bc 38.3 b N240 3.4 a 11.2 a 11.8 a 26.4 a 42.8 a N300 3.3 a 11.0 ab 11.6 ab 24.7 ab 37.0 b MF N0 2.3 c 6.2 d 8.7 d 8.4 e 20.2 d N60 2.5 c 8.0 c 10.6 c 17.9 d 30.0 c N120 3.0 b 9.1 c 10.6 c 22.0 c 35.3 c N180 3.3 b 11.3 ab 12.1 b 25.7 b 42.6 b N240 3.2 b 12.4 a 14.1 a 37.6 a 51.1 a N300 3.8 a 11.0 b 12.8 b 26.4 b 48.3 ab 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** ** ** ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** ** ** ** F × N ** ** ** ** * 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式同处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01. 增施氮肥显著增加了茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量。在OF施肥方式下,当施氮量达到300 kg/hm2时,茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量均较高,较N0处理分别增加了42.0%、68.0%、36.9%、143.3%、86.0%。在TF和MF施肥方式下,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2时,茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量均较高,在TF施肥方式下较N0处理分别增加了44.9%、82.0%、36.4%、215.5%、111.5%,在MF施肥方式下较N0处理分别增加了40.0%、100.7%、62.8%、350.3%、152.8%。3种施肥方式下,收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量的均值和茎氮、叶氮转移量的均值都表现为MF > TF > OF,且MF方式显著高于OF方式,茎氮含量在施氮量为120 kg/hm2 时增加最多,增加了32.3%;叶氮、籽粒氮含量及茎氮转移在施氮量为240 kg/hm2时增加最多,分别增加了34.5%、18.9%、89.9%;叶氮转移在施氮量为180 kg/hm2时增加最多,增加了40.6%。
2.5 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米氮肥利用的影响
由表3可知,施氮量和施肥方式以及二者互作极显著影响氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率。OF、TF、MF施肥方式下,氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率均随施氮量的增加显著降低,农学效率分别从45.3、51.6、61.6 kg/kg降低至22.7、21.3、21.2 kg/kg;偏生产力分别从156.1、162.5、172.5 kg/kg降低至44.9、43.4、43.4 kg/kg;表观回收率分别从49.3%、70.7%、87.0%降低至38.0%、36.1%、39.6%。3种施肥方式下,农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率的均值均表现为MF > TF > OF,且MF施肥方式显著大于OF和TF施肥方式。与OF施肥方式相比,当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时MF施肥方式的农学效率、偏生产力、表观回收率分别增加了18.8%、9.2%、55.1%;与TF施肥方式相比,当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时MF施肥方式的农学效率、偏生产力、表观回收率分别增加了9.1%、4.6%、33.2%。
表 3 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米氮肥利用效率的影响Table 3. Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize施肥方式
Fertilization method氮肥用量处理
N application rate农学效率 (kg/kg)
Agronomic efficiency偏生产力 (kg/kg)
Aartial factor productivity表观回收率 (%)
Apparent recovery rate of NOF N0 N60 45.3 a 156.1 a 49.3 a N120 36.3 b 91.7 b 50.9 a N180 29.4 c 66.3 c 47.3 a N240 26.6 cd 54.3 d 43.7 ab N300 22.7 d 44.9 e 38.0 b TF N0 N60 51.6 a 162.5 a 70.7 a N120 36.8 b 92.3 b 59.1 b N180 34.5 bc 71.5 c 53.8 b N240 28.9 c 56.6 d 50.9 b N300 21.3 d 43.4 e 36.1 c MF N0 N60 61.6 a 172.5 a 87.0 a N120 43.2 b 98.6 b 63.1 c N180 34.4 c 71.3 c 62.5 c N240 31.5 c 59.3 d 67.8 b N300 21.2 d 43.4 e 39.6 d 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** ** F × N ** ** ** 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式不同处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01. 由表4可知,施氮量和施肥方式显著影响土壤无机氮残留和氮表观损失,二者交互对其影响不显著。氮输入方面以施氮量为主,占总氮输入量的37.8%~72.2%。氮输出方面,随着施氮量的增加,土壤无机氮残留和氮表观损失显著增加。3种施肥方式下,MF方式无机氮残留的均值显著低于TF方式,当施氮量为240、300 kg/hm2时显著降低;MF方式表观损失的均值显著低于OF方式,当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时显著降低,在其它施氮量下3种施肥方式无机氮残留和表观损失差异不显著。
表 4 氮肥用量和施肥方式对2019—2020年土壤氮平衡的影响 (kg/hm2)Table 4. Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on soil nitrogen balance during 2019–2020施肥方式
Fertilization
method氮肥用量处理
N application
rate氮输入量 N input 氮输出量 N output 两年氮表观损失
Apparent N loss in
two years两年施氮量
N application rate
in two years2019年播前土壤
无机氮
Nmin before sowing
in 2019氮素矿化量
Apparent N
mineralization两年作物吸收
N removed by grain
and straw2020年收获期
无机氮残留
Nmin at harvest
in 2020OF N0 0 54.7 122.8 144.4 33.1 e N60 120 75.0 122.8 203.6 48.0 d 66.2 d N120 240 78.8 122.8 266.6 54.5 d 120.5 d N180 360 88.8 122.8 314.5 66.1 c 191.0 c N240 480 92.5 122.8 354.2 78.9 b 262.3 b N300 600 108.0 122.8 372.5 126.9 a 331.3 a TF N0 0 54.7 122.8 144.4 33.1 d N60 120 75.0 122.8 229.3 50.1 cd 38.4 e N120 240 78.8 122.8 286.3 61.4 c 93.9 d N180 360 88.8 122.8 338.2 73.7 bc 159.8 c N240 480 92.5 122.8 388.7 90.2 b 216.4 b N300 600 108.0 122.8 361.0 147.5 a 322.4 a MF N0 0 54.7 122.8 144.4 33.1 d N60 120 75.0 122.8 248.8 41.7 cd 27.3 d N120 240 78.8 122.8 295.8 50.8 c 95.0 c N180 360 88.8 122.8 369.5 65.9 b 136.3 bc N240 480 92.5 122.8 469.8 68.0 b 157.5 b N300 600 108.0 122.8 381.8 129.6 a 319.4 a 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** F × N ns ns 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01. 3. 讨论
合理的施氮量和施肥方式是保证春玉米产量和氮素累积量提高的前提。罗上轲等[14]研究表明,随着施氮量的增加,春玉米产量和氮素累积量呈先增加后降低的趋势,当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时产量和氮素累积量达到最大值。Liu等[15]研究表明,黄土旱塬区覆膜玉米施氮量在0~240 kg/hm2时,产量和氮素累积量随施氮量的增加而显著提高。本研究中,产量和氮素累积量随施氮量的增加而显著增加,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后不再显著增加。合理的施肥方式可以促进产量、经济效益和氮素累积量的提高。本研究中产量、经济效益和氮素累积量在MF施肥方式下均显著提高,较OF施肥方式分别提高了5.0%、7.9%和32.7%,较TF施肥方式分别提高了4.2%、25.7%和20.9%。这与Guo等[16]普通尿素掺混控释尿素一次施用可以提高产量、经济效益和氮素累积量的结果一致。
干物质作为光合作用产物的最高形式,其累积量与产量密切相关。干物质累积量的增加直接或间接促进籽粒干重的形成,为作物增产奠定基础[17-18]。Shi等[19]和张磊等[20]研究表明,随着施氮量的增加,干物质累积量呈先增加后降低的趋势,当施氮量达到210 kg/hm2时,干物质累积量开始下降。本研究中增施氮肥对干物质累积趋势的影响与上述研究结果一致,而最佳施氮量有所不同,在吐丝期和收获期,当施氮量为240 kg/hm2时干物质累积量较大。造成该差异的原因可能是土壤基础肥力、降雨以及气温不同。除了合适的施氮量外,适宜的施肥方式也会促进干物质的累积。本研究中,MF施肥方式相比OF方式显著增加了吐丝期和收获期的干物质累积量,这可能是因为控释尿素缓慢释放的特性保证了后期充足的养分[21],使干物质累积量显著增加。这与王寅等[21]和Zheng等[22]在东北、华北地区关于普通尿素和控释尿素掺混施用能够显著提高春玉米地上部干物质累积量的结果一致。
施氮量和施肥方式不仅影响玉米的干物质累积,也影响各器官的氮含量和氮吸收转移。本试验中,MF施肥方式在吐丝期显著增加了干物质累积量、茎氮和叶氮含量,使花前氮素累积量显著增加,从而促进茎和叶的氮素转移。这一研究结果与王晓琪等[23]普通尿素和缓释氮肥掺混施用可以提高营养器官的氮素转移量结果一致。籽粒氮含量取决于吐丝后氮累积和吐丝前营养器官再转移[24],本研究中MF施肥方式的茎氮、叶氮含量在吐丝期显著提高,从而增加了氮素向籽粒中转移的潜力,使得收获期籽粒氮含量显著增加,为作物增产奠定基础。这与佟玉欣等[25]尿素掺混缓释尿素可以提高植株和籽粒氮含量进而提高产量的结果一致。作物对氮素的吸收、转移是植株利用氮素的主要形式[26]。前人研究表明,玉米营养器官氮素转移量随着施氮量的增加呈先增加后减小的变化趋势[27-28]。本研究表明,茎氮、叶氮转移量在施氮量小于240 kg/hm2时随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量继续增加时茎氮、叶氮转移量呈下降趋势,过量施氮并没有进一步提高氮素的转移量。随着施氮量的增加,土壤无机氮残留和表观损失显著增加而农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率显著降低 (表3、表4),这与侯云鹏等[29]、高洪军等[30]研究结果一致。因此,玉米种植中施氮量在保证高产的同时应尽量减小无机氮残留和损失。
4. 结论
常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥相比常规尿素一次施肥和分次施肥显著增加了春玉米产量、经济效益、氮素累积量和肥料利用率,减少了无机氮残留和表观损失。采用常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥方式,实现最大产量、经济效益和氮素累积量的施氮量为240 kg/hm2,且残留在土壤中的氮素较少。
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图 2 不同生育期春玉米干物质累积变化趋势
[注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer;TF—常规尿素分次施肥40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage;MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer;变异来源Source of variations;PT—播前Before seeding;ns—差异不显著No significant difference;*—P < 0.05;**—P < 0.01.]
Figure 2. Dry matter accumulation curves of spring maize at different growth stages
图 3 春玉米花前、花后氮素累积量
[注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer;TF—常规尿素分次施肥40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage;MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer;柱上不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments under the same fertilization method (P < 0.05);ns—差异不显著No significant difference;*—P < 0.05;**—P < 0.01.]
Figure 3. N accumulation of spring maize before and after silking
表 1 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米产量及经济效益的影响
Table 1 Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on yield and economic income of spring maize
施肥方式
Fertilization method氮肥用量处理
N application rate产量
Grain yield
(t/hm2)百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)穗粒数
Kernels
(No./ear)穗数
Spikes
(×103/hm2)经济效益
Economic income
(yuan/hm2)OF N0 6.7 e 29.1 e 456 e 63.8 b 4978 e N60 9.4 d 30.6 d 543 d 65.8 ab 10693 d N120 11.0 c 33.0 c 581 c 67.7 ab 14035 c N180 11.9 b 34.4 b 590 c 71.5 a 15816 b N240 13.0 a 35.7 ab 617 b 70.8 a 17954 a N300 13.5 a 36.5 a 631 a 68.1 ab 18648 a TF N0 6.7 f 29.1 d 456 d 63.8 b 4978 d N60 9.2 e 31.4 c 542 c 68.5 a 8529 c N120 11.1 d 33.4 b 584 b 71.0 a 11179 b N180 12.4 c 34.8 a 597 b 69.8 a 14861 a N240 13.6 a 35.3 a 639 a 71.0 a 16206 a N300 13.0 b 34.7 a 604 b 72.7 a 14707 a MF N0 6.7 d 29.1 d 456 e 63.8 c 4978 e N60 10.3 c 33.3 c 564 d 67.7 b 12769 d N120 11.8 b 34.3 b 588 cd 71.9 a 15702 c N180 12.8 b 36.1 a 617 bc 70.4 ab 17566 b N240 14.2 a 36.7 a 659 a 70.2 ab 20277 a N300 13.0 ab 35.9 a 630 b 68.5 b 17286 bc 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** ** ns ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** ** ** ** F × N ns ** ns ns ** 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式下处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; **—P < 0.01. 表 2 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米收获期氮含量和氮素转运的影响
Table 2 Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on N concentration at harvest and N translocation of spring maize
施肥方式
Fertilization method氮肥用量处理
N application rate收获期氮含量 (g/kg)
N concentration at harvest氮素转移量 (kg/hm2)
N translocation amount茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 籽粒 Grain 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf OF N0 2.3 cd 6.2 d 8.7 c 8.4 d 20.2 c N60 2.2 d 8.3 c 9.0 c 14.4 c 22.7 c N120 2.3 cd 8.6 bc 10.5 b 17.2 b 26.5 bc N180 2.5 c 9.3 b 11.6 a 18.4 ab 30.3 b N240 2.8 b 9.2 b 11.8 a 19.8 ab 37.8 a N300 3.3 a 10.4 a 11.8 a 20.3 a 37.6 a TF N0 2.3 b 6.2 e 8.7 e 8.4 e 20.2 e N60 2.4 b 8.3 d 10.2 d 15.6 d 25.3 d N120 3.1 a 9.2 c 10.9 c 19.6 cd 32.1 c N180 3.0 a 10.5 b 11.3 b 21.0 bc 38.3 b N240 3.4 a 11.2 a 11.8 a 26.4 a 42.8 a N300 3.3 a 11.0 ab 11.6 ab 24.7 ab 37.0 b MF N0 2.3 c 6.2 d 8.7 d 8.4 e 20.2 d N60 2.5 c 8.0 c 10.6 c 17.9 d 30.0 c N120 3.0 b 9.1 c 10.6 c 22.0 c 35.3 c N180 3.3 b 11.3 ab 12.1 b 25.7 b 42.6 b N240 3.2 b 12.4 a 14.1 a 37.6 a 51.1 a N300 3.8 a 11.0 b 12.8 b 26.4 b 48.3 ab 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** ** ** ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** ** ** ** F × N ** ** ** ** * 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式同处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01. 表 3 氮肥用量和施肥方式对春玉米氮肥利用效率的影响
Table 3 Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize
施肥方式
Fertilization method氮肥用量处理
N application rate农学效率 (kg/kg)
Agronomic efficiency偏生产力 (kg/kg)
Aartial factor productivity表观回收率 (%)
Apparent recovery rate of NOF N0 N60 45.3 a 156.1 a 49.3 a N120 36.3 b 91.7 b 50.9 a N180 29.4 c 66.3 c 47.3 a N240 26.6 cd 54.3 d 43.7 ab N300 22.7 d 44.9 e 38.0 b TF N0 N60 51.6 a 162.5 a 70.7 a N120 36.8 b 92.3 b 59.1 b N180 34.5 bc 71.5 c 53.8 b N240 28.9 c 56.6 d 50.9 b N300 21.3 d 43.4 e 36.1 c MF N0 N60 61.6 a 172.5 a 87.0 a N120 43.2 b 98.6 b 63.1 c N180 34.4 c 71.3 c 62.5 c N240 31.5 c 59.3 d 67.8 b N300 21.2 d 43.4 e 39.6 d 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** ** F × N ** ** ** 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式不同处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01. 表 4 氮肥用量和施肥方式对2019—2020年土壤氮平衡的影响 (kg/hm2)
Table 4 Effects of N application rate and fertilization method on soil nitrogen balance during 2019–2020
施肥方式
Fertilization
method氮肥用量处理
N application
rate氮输入量 N input 氮输出量 N output 两年氮表观损失
Apparent N loss in
two years两年施氮量
N application rate
in two years2019年播前土壤
无机氮
Nmin before sowing
in 2019氮素矿化量
Apparent N
mineralization两年作物吸收
N removed by grain
and straw2020年收获期
无机氮残留
Nmin at harvest
in 2020OF N0 0 54.7 122.8 144.4 33.1 e N60 120 75.0 122.8 203.6 48.0 d 66.2 d N120 240 78.8 122.8 266.6 54.5 d 120.5 d N180 360 88.8 122.8 314.5 66.1 c 191.0 c N240 480 92.5 122.8 354.2 78.9 b 262.3 b N300 600 108.0 122.8 372.5 126.9 a 331.3 a TF N0 0 54.7 122.8 144.4 33.1 d N60 120 75.0 122.8 229.3 50.1 cd 38.4 e N120 240 78.8 122.8 286.3 61.4 c 93.9 d N180 360 88.8 122.8 338.2 73.7 bc 159.8 c N240 480 92.5 122.8 388.7 90.2 b 216.4 b N300 600 108.0 122.8 361.0 147.5 a 322.4 a MF N0 0 54.7 122.8 144.4 33.1 d N60 120 75.0 122.8 248.8 41.7 cd 27.3 d N120 240 78.8 122.8 295.8 50.8 c 95.0 c N180 360 88.8 122.8 369.5 65.9 b 136.3 bc N240 480 92.5 122.8 469.8 68.0 b 157.5 b N300 600 108.0 122.8 381.8 129.6 a 319.4 a 变异来源 Source of variations 施肥方式 Fertilization method (F) ** ** 氮肥用量 N application rate (N) ** ** F × N ns ns 注(Note):OF—尿素一次施用 All the common urea applied as basal fertilizer; TF—常规尿素分次施肥 40% common urea applied as basal fertilizer and 60% top dressed at V10 stage; MF—常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 All common urea and controlled-release urea applied as basal fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示相同施肥方式处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments for the same fertilization method (P < 0.05); ns—差异不显著 No significant difference; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01. -
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