• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

玉米–绿肥轮作体系下光叶紫花苕的氮肥替代和土壤肥力提升效应

陈检锋, 梁海, 王伟, 陈华, 尹梅, 王志远, 刘俊, 陈军, 高嵩涓, 曹卫东, 付利波

陈检锋, 梁海, 王伟, 陈华, 尹梅, 王志远, 刘俊, 陈军, 高嵩涓, 曹卫东, 付利波. 玉米–绿肥轮作体系下光叶紫花苕的氮肥替代和土壤肥力提升效应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2021, 27(9): 1571-1580. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2021068
引用本文: 陈检锋, 梁海, 王伟, 陈华, 尹梅, 王志远, 刘俊, 陈军, 高嵩涓, 曹卫东, 付利波. 玉米–绿肥轮作体系下光叶紫花苕的氮肥替代和土壤肥力提升效应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2021, 27(9): 1571-1580. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2021068
CHEN Jian-feng, LIANG Hai, WANG Wei, CHEN Hua, YIN Mei, WANG Zhi-yuan, LIU Jun, CHEN Jun, GAO Song-juan, CAO Wei-dong, FU Li-bo. Effects of smooth vetch (Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens) incorporation on nitrogen fertilizer replacement and soil fertility improvement in a maize-green manure rotation system[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2021, 27(9): 1571-1580. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2021068
Citation: CHEN Jian-feng, LIANG Hai, WANG Wei, CHEN Hua, YIN Mei, WANG Zhi-yuan, LIU Jun, CHEN Jun, GAO Song-juan, CAO Wei-dong, FU Li-bo. Effects of smooth vetch (Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens) incorporation on nitrogen fertilizer replacement and soil fertility improvement in a maize-green manure rotation system[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2021, 27(9): 1571-1580. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2021068

玉米–绿肥轮作体系下光叶紫花苕的氮肥替代和土壤肥力提升效应

基金项目: 国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    陈检锋 E-mail:jianfchen@163.com

    ;†共同第一作者 梁海 E-mail:2019203005@njau.edu.cn

    通讯作者:

    曹卫东 E-mail:caoweidong@caas.cn

    付利波 E-mail:fulibofrj@qq.com

Effects of smooth vetch (Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens) incorporation on nitrogen fertilizer replacement and soil fertility improvement in a maize-green manure rotation system

  • 摘要:
    目的 

    研究光叶紫花苕 (Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens)不同 翻压量对玉米生长及土壤性状的影响,明确绿肥的养分供应潜力,为玉米–绿肥轮作系统中的化肥减施提供科学依据。

    方法 

    于2018和2019年在云南省嵩明县开展玉米 (黑糯1号) 田间试验,共设5个处理:冬闲 (CK);不施氮肥但翻压绿肥光叶紫花苕15000 kg/hm2 (G1)、30000 kg/hm2 (G2)、45000 kg/hm2 (G3);冬闲+常规氮肥N 270 kg/hm2 (FN)。光叶紫花苕冬季种植,在玉米播种前翻压。在玉米收获期,测定玉米地上部氮、磷、钾含量和积累量,测定产量和产量构成因素,同时测定土壤全量和速效氮磷钾含量、pH和有机质含量。

    结果 

    2018年各绿肥处理G1、G2、G3的玉米产量分别相当于FN处理的78.14%、88.88%及92.86%,2019年G1、G2、G3处理的产量水平相当于FN处理的98.92%、104.22%和113.91%,相较第一年,次年各绿肥处理产量水平有较大幅度增长;2018和2019年各绿肥处理株高、穗位高、秃穗长及单穗重等相较于FN多无显著差异;2018年FN处理籽粒氮含量显著高于其他各处理,秸秆氮含量显著高于CK和G1处理。2019年G3处理地上部氮积累量比FN、G1处理分别显著提高42.02%、33.91%。2018年玉米FN处理地上部磷积累量显著高于CK和G1处理,钾积累量各施肥处理间无显著差异。2019年,4个施肥处理间磷积累量无显著差异,3个绿肥处理的钾积累量均显著高于FN处理;2018年各处理土壤养分含量无显著差异,2019年随绿肥翻压量的增加土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮及有机质含量等显著增加,即土壤培肥效果随绿肥应用年限增加有所提升;聚合增强树分析表明,土壤全氮及单穗重对玉米产量的贡献率最大,均为20.89%。

    结论 

    无需施用氮肥,第一年翻压高量光叶紫花苕,第二年翻压常量光叶紫花苕即可为玉米提供与常量氮肥相当的氮素养分,获得相近甚至更高的玉米产量。连续两年翻压绿肥后,土壤速效及全量氮、钾及有机质含量均有显著的提升效果。

    Abstract:
    Objectives 

    The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of smooth vetch (Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens) turnover amount on maize growth and soil properties in a maize-green manure rotation system. The aim was to provide theoretical support for the chemical fertilizer reduction potential of smooth vetch.

    Methods 

    The field trials were conducted in Songming County, Yunnan Province in 2018 and 2019, with the maize (Heinuo No.1) as test material. The experiment included five treatments: winter fallow (CK), incorporation of smooth vetch at 15000 kg/hm2 (G1), 30000 kg/hm2 (G2), 45000 kg/hm2 (G3), and winter fallow with chemical fertilizer application N 270 kg/hm2 (FN). The smooth vetch was planted during winter season and returned to field before maize cultivation. NPK content and accumulation in the aboveground part of maize, yield and yield components were examined at harvest, including soil total and available N, P, and K and organic matter content. The soil pH was measured as well.

    Results 

    The maize yields of treatments G1, G2, and G3 were equivalent to 78.14%, 88.88%, and 92.86% of treatment FN in 2018, and 98.92%, 104.22%, and 113.91% of treatment FN in 2019. However, the plant height, ear height, bald ear length, and single ear weight were not significantly different (P>0.05) among all the treatments. The grain N content of the FN treatment was (P<0.05) higher than other treatments, and the N content of its straw was significantly higher than that of CK and G1 treatments. In 2019, the N accumulation in the shoots of G3 treatment was (P<0.05) higher than those of FN and G1 treatments, which were 42.03% and 33.91%, respectively. In 2018, corn P accumulation in the FN treatment was significantly higher than those of CK and G1 treatments, with no difference in K accumulation among the treatments. Except for CK, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in P accumulation among the four treatments in 2019. The three green manure treatments accumulated more K than the FN treatment. There was no difference in soil nutrients among the treatments in 2018. In 2019. soil available N, available K, total N, and organic matter content increased significantly, enhancing soil fertility as the green manure application increased. The aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis indicated that soil total N and single ear weight contributed the most to maize yield, both accounting for 20.89%.

    Conclusions 

    The incorporation of smooth vetch at a high rate in the first year (45000 kg/hm2) and moderate rate (30000 kg/hm2) in the second year relegates the need for N fertilizer in maize production. Smooth vetch incorporation at the above rates could provide similar or even higher N nutrition for maize to produce higher yields. After two years of incorporating smooth vetch, the soil total and available N and K and organic matter contents increased.

  • 绿肥是我国传统农业生产的重要资源,在改善土壤理化性状、培肥土壤及提高作物产量上有巨大潜力[1-3]。豆科绿肥因具备生物固氮能力,可作为一种绿色清洁的肥源为农田输入较多氮素。研究表明,豆科作物年际固氮量可达110~227 kg/hm2[4]。将豆科绿肥纳入主栽作物轮作体系中,能够起到替代部分化学氮肥、减少化学氮肥投入的作用。有研究发现在作物与红三叶轮作体系中,红三叶的固氮量平均可达177 kg/hm2[5],毛叶苕子在豆科绿肥-主栽作物轮作体系中总固氮量可达到149 kg/hm2[6]。豆科绿肥提供的氮素对作物生长的贡献率也有较高的占比,在主栽作物-红三叶和主栽作物-红三叶/黑麦草混播体系中达60%[7],在小麦-豆科绿肥轮作体系中为7~27 kg/hm2[8]。在旱地农业中实施豆科绿肥与作物间轮作可起到扩充土壤氮库、减少化肥投入的效果,豆科绿肥翻压释放氮素的24.7%被后季小麦吸收,在化肥减量30%的情况下小麦产量与常规施肥持平,并且土壤全氮含量显著提升[9-10]

    光叶紫花苕为我国西南旱地最常见的豆科绿肥作物,在该地区农业生产系统中适应性很强[2]。我国光叶紫花苕主要种植区的鲜草平均产量为29.7±19.1 t/hm2[11],在农业生产中,若可通过调控光叶紫花苕的生长使其生物量达到满足后茬作物生长发育的翻压量,则可以作为农业生产过程中的主要氮源,为有机农业发展提供保障。在长期的生产实践中,形成了光叶紫花苕-玉米轮作体系,该体系能够充分利用冬闲季节的水、肥、气、热等资源,发挥光叶紫花苕的生物固氮特性[12],为后茬玉米的生长提供氮素。但是,光叶紫花苕在玉米生长中的养分供应潜力如何,其作为单独肥源时的养分供应能力及对土壤肥力有何影响,尚不明确。通过研究不同翻压量光叶紫花苕作为唯一肥源对玉米生长及土壤理化性状的影响,为豆科绿肥的化肥替代潜力及绿肥的生产能力提供理论依据。

    田间定位试验于2017年11月至2019年9月在昆明市嵩明县小街镇云南省农业科学院基地内 (北纬25º21′11.21″、东经103º6′47.24″,海拔1910 m) 进行。供试土壤为红色石灰土,质地为粘壤土,试验开始前土壤pH为7.1,0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量22.1 g/kg,全氮含量0.9 g/kg,全磷含量1.6 g/kg,全钾含量9.8 g/kg,碱解氮含量76.1 mg/kg,有效磷 (P2O5) 含量30.7 mg/kg,速效钾 (K2O) 含量144.5 mg/kg。

    绿肥品种为光叶紫花苕 (Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens);玉米品种为黑糯1号。

    试验设5个处理 (表1),分别为冬闲+不施氮肥处理 (CK)、不施氮肥+翻压15000 kg/hm2光叶紫花苕 (G1)、不施氮肥+翻压30000 kg/hm2光叶紫花苕 (G2)、不施氮肥+翻压45000 kg/hm2光叶紫花苕 (G3) 及冬闲+常规氮肥 (FN) ,随机区组排列,每处理3次重复。绿肥翻压量通过就地种植与异地移动进行调整。

    表  1  各处理光叶紫花苕翻压量及氮磷钾施用量 (kg/hm2)
    Table  1.  Application amounts of smooth vetch and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers under different treatments
    处理
    Treatment
    光叶紫花苕
    Smooth vetch
    NK2OP2O5
    CK0 09090
    G115000 09090
    G230000 09090
    G345000 09090
    FN0 2709090
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    定位试验采用光叶紫花苕–玉米轮作体系,光叶紫花苕11月种植,于第二年4月翻压还田,还田后15 天种植玉米,玉米收获日期分别为2018年9月20日与2019年9月25日。光叶紫花苕播种量为75 kg/hm2,盛花期还田时对各小区产量进行测量,并根据各处理设定的翻压量进行移除或添加。翻压还田时光叶紫花苕的氮、磷、钾平均含量分别为34.9、3.2、21.6 g/kg。玉米株行距为0.45 m×0.75 m。各处理田间管理措施相同,绿肥作物不施肥,玉米各处理磷钾肥施用量相同,分别为P2O5 90 kg/hm2及K2O 90 kg/ hm2,其中常规100%氮肥处理施氮量为N 270 kg/hm2,各处理的磷钾肥及FN处理的20%氮肥作为基肥施入,FN处理在玉米苗期追施30%氮肥、大喇叭口期追施50%氮肥。

    分别于2018和2019年玉米收获期,采集玉米植株和土壤样品,并测定玉米农艺性状 (株高、茎粗、穗位高、穗长、秃穗长、穗粗和单穗重)。玉米按小区进行收获测产,收获后取部分玉米籽粒在烘箱105℃杀青0.5 h后,75℃烘干至恒重,粉碎后测定籽粒养分含量。玉米籽粒样品经H2SO4–H2O2联合消煮法消化后,利用连续流动分析仪 (SAN++,Skalar,荷兰) 测定全氮、全磷含量,用火焰光度计测定全钾含量。

    土壤样品采用五点取样法采集,碱解氮含量用碱解扩散法测定;土壤有效磷用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提—钼蓝比色法测定;土壤速效钾采用pH 7.0的醋酸铵浸提—火焰光度计法测定;土壤有机质用硫酸—重铬酸钾氧化法测定[13]

    试验数据采用SPSS Statistics 21.0、Excel 2017、Origin 2018软件进行数据处理、统计分析及作图,通过R2.7.0中的“gbmplus”包进行聚合增强树分析 (ABT)。

    图1显示,2018年,G1、G2、G3、FN处理的玉米产量分别为8985、10220、10677、11498 kg/hm2。FN处理显著高于G1及G2处理,与G3处理差异不显著;G1与CK差异不显著,显著低于其他处理。G1、G2、G3处理的产量分别相当于FN处理的78.14%、88.88%、92.86%,可见,单独翻压绿肥表现出较好的产量效应,特别是高翻压量能够保障玉米的产量水平。

    图  1  不同绿肥翻压量对玉米产量的影响
    [注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压15000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2;G2—翻压30000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2;G3—翻压45000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2;FN—冬闲+氮肥Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).]
    Figure  1.  Maize grain yield affected by green manure incorporation rate

    试验第二年 (2019年) 的玉米产量表现与第一年有明显不同,G1、G2、G3、FN处理的产量分别为8712、9179、10032、8807 kg/hm2,G1、G2和G3的产量分别为FN的98.92%、104.22%和113.91% (图1)。施肥处理的产量均显著高于CK,虽然施肥处理间无显著差异,但G3产量显示出高于FN的潜力,说明连续翻压绿肥提高了绿肥的养分供应能力。

    表2表明,各施肥处理间玉米农艺性状多无显著差异,其中,2018年各绿肥处理下玉米农艺性状与FN处理间多无显著差异。2019年G2处理的玉米茎粗显著高于FN和G1处理,3个绿肥处理的株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗和单穗重与FN处理间无显著差异。

    表  2  不同处理下玉米农艺性状
    Table  2.  Agronomy properties of maize under different treatments
    年份
    Year
    处理
    Treatment
    茎粗
    Stem thick
    (cm)
    秃穗长
    Bald ear length
    (cm)
    穗粗
    Ear diameter
    (cm)
    穗长
    Ear length
    (cm)
    穗位高
    Ear height
    (cm)
    株高
    Plant height
    (cm)
    单穗重
    Weight per ear
    (g)
    2018CK7.33 a0.88 a17.00 b18.66 b112.44 a243.33 a257.8 c
    G18.55 a0.77 a18.66 a19.33 ab113.88 a246.11 a285.6 bc
    G28.55 a0.55 a19.00 a21.22 a110.22 a237.77 a325.6 a
    G37.77 a0.66 a18.11 ab20.22 ab117.22 a250.00 a302.2 ab
    FN7.88 a0.55 a18.77 a21.44 a120.77 a255.00 a320.0 ab
    2019CK4.97 c1.00 a14.46 a17.03 b121.77 a252.77 a265.5 b
    G15.62 bc1.86 a15.44 a20.37 a134.33 a309.88 a325.4 ab
    G26.45 a1.54 a15.52 a20.01 a131.55 a289.66 a308.4 ab
    G36.18 ab2.18 a16.08 a21.64 a133.44 a295.88 a363.1 a
    FN5.37 bc1.67 a14.84 a18.95 a118.00 a272.77 a304.4 ab
    注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压 15000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2; G2—翻压 30000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2; G3—翻压 45000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2; FN—冬闲+氮肥 Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different small letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    2018年FN处理籽粒及秸秆氮含量均显著高于其他各处理,各处理籽粒及秸秆磷、钾含量多无显著差异,其中籽粒磷钾含量分别处于0.25%~0.27%和0.23%~0.26%,秸秆磷钾含量则分别为0.11%~12%和1.20%~1.59% (表3)。玉米地上部的氮、磷、钾积累量均以FN处理最高,并且氮积累量显著高于其他各处理,磷积累量显著高于CK与G1,钾积累量显著高于CK (表4)。表明试验第一年,绿肥的供氮能力相对较低,而化肥能快速提供速效养分供作物吸收。

    表  3  不同处理下玉米氮、磷、钾养分含量 (%)
    Table  3.  Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of maize under different treatments
    年份
    Year
    处理
    Treatment
    籽粒 Grain秸秆 Straw
    NPKNPK
    2018CK1.27 b0.27 a0.25 ab0.59 b0.12 a1.20 a
    G11.27 b0.26 a0.25 a0.74 b0.12 a1.59 a
    G21.37 b0.25 a0.25 ab0.78 ab0.11 a1.58 a
    G31.25 b0.25 a0.23 b0.78 ab0.11 a1.59 a
    FN1.61 a0.26 a0.26 a1.06 a0.11 a1.55 a
    2019CK0.75 b0.19 a0.28 a0.50 c0.09 b1.05 c
    G10.97 ab0.19 a0.27 a0.78 b0.10 a1.36 bc
    G21.06 a0.19 a0.28 a1.07 a0.11 a1.55 ab
    G31.09 a0.19 a0.27 a1.03 ab0.10 a1.76 a
    FN0.90 ab0.20 a0.29 a0.85 ab0.10 a1.03 c
    注(Note):CK—冬闲 Winter fallow; G1—翻压 15000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2; G2—翻压 30000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2; G3—翻压 45000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2; FN—冬闲+氮肥 Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Values followed by different small letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  4  不同处理下玉米地上部养分积累量(kg/hm2)
    Table  4.  NPK accumulation in above-ground part of maize under different treatments
    年份 Year处理 TreatmentNPK
    2018CK114.93 c42.25 b244.72 b
    G1149.97 bc44.37 b293.82 ab
    G2176.09 bc48.07 ab333.87 ab
    G3184.24 b47.98 ab346.24 ab
    FN259.37 a52.99 a364.84 a
    2019CK139.15 c30.21 b216.83 c
    G1215.33 b35.39 ab285.06 b
    G2282.66 a37.15 a295.39 ab
    G3305.82 a38.70 a329.65 a
    FN228.38 b35.46 ab230.44 c
    注(Note):CK—冬闲 Winter fallow; G1—翻压 15000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2; G2—翻压 30000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2; G3—翻压 45000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2; FN—冬闲+氮肥 Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Values followed by different small letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    2019年的结果 (表3表4)表明,各施肥处理的养分含量和积累量差异比上一年明显减小。籽粒氮、磷、钾含量以及磷、钾累积量3个绿肥处理与化肥处理间多无显著差异;G1处理秸秆氮含量显著低于G2,钾含量显著低于G3。以G3处理的氮积累量最高,比G1和FN两个处理分别显著高42.02%及33.91% (表4),3个绿肥处理钾积累均显著高于FN处理。这表明在试验第二年,各绿肥处理的养分供应能力已经能够保障玉米的生产需要,其中高翻压量的养分供应能力可以超过化肥处理。

    图2显示,2018年各处理间土壤全量养分含量均无显著差异,表明不同施肥处理在试验第一年对土壤养分的影响不明显;2019年各处理间土壤全氮及土壤有机质含量均表现为绿肥处理显著高于FN处理,并且规律一致,为G3>G2>G1>FN>CK,其中绿肥处理G1、G2、G3土壤全氮较FN处理分别提高了2.04、4.19及6.50 g/kg,土壤有机质分别提高了2.86、6.09及11.64 g/kg,表明绿肥翻压对于云南红壤旱地的地力提升效果明显。3个绿肥处理间,G3处理的土壤全氮、有机质含量最高,显著高于G2和G1;G2处理显著高于G1。可见,绿肥翻压利用后,在第二年即可明显提升土壤全氮和有机质含量,且提升作用随着绿肥翻压量的增加而增强。

    图  2  不同处理下玉米收获期土壤全量养分及有机质含量
    [注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压15000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2;G2—翻压30000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2;G3—翻压45000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2;FN—冬闲+氮肥Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).]
    Figure  2.  Soil total nutrient and organic matter contents at maize harvest stage under different treatments

    图3表明,2018年不同处理间土壤碱解氮及速效钾含量无显著差异。2019年,G2、G3处理的碱解氮含量显著高于FN处理,分别提升了19.81和20.56 mg/kg。绿肥处理G1、G2、G3的土壤速效钾含量也显著高于FN处理,分别提升了33.09、69.35和89.14 mg/kg。总体看,各处理的碱解氮与速效钾含量变化趋势一致,均表现为G3>G2>G1>FN>CK。此外,两个试验年份各处理间的土壤pH与有效磷含量均无显著差异。

    图  3  不同处理下玉米收获期土壤速效养分含量及pH
    [注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压15000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2;G2—翻压30000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2;G3—翻压45000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2;FN—冬闲+氮肥Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).]
    Figure  3.  Available nutrient contents and pH of soil at maize harvest stage under different treatments

    运用聚合增强树 (ABT) 方法分析了不同处理下的土壤性状以及农艺性状对玉米产量的相对贡献。各处理的贡献率表现为全氮>碱解氮>全磷>有机质>全钾> pH>速效钾>有效磷,其中全氮、碱解氮对玉米产量的贡献率分别为20.89%与20.51% (图4)。各农艺性状对玉米产量的贡献率依次为单穗重>穗粗>穗长>茎粗>秃穗长>穗位高>株高,其中单穗重的贡献率最大为20.89%,穗粗为19.67% (图4)。

    图  4  不同土壤性状及玉米性状对玉米产量的贡献率
    [注(Note):TN—土壤全氮Soil total N;AN—土壤速效氮Soil available N;TP—土壤全磷Soil total P;OM—土壤有机质 Soil organic matter;TK—土壤全钾Soil total K;AK—土壤速效钾Soil available K;AP—土壤有效磷Soil available P. ST—茎粗 Stem diameter;BEL—秃穗长 Bald ear length;ED—穗粗 Ear diameter;EL—穗长 Ear length;EH—穗位高Ear height;PH—株高 Plant height;WPE—单穗重 Weight per ear.]
    Figure  4.  Contribution of soil properties and agronomy traits on maize yield

    轮作豆科绿肥是农业生产中维持作物稳产高产并减少化肥用量的重要措施[14]。有研究发现豆科绿肥在翻压量为15000~30000 kg/hm2并减量40%化学肥料时作物产量可与常规施肥产量持平[15]。以往的研究主要针对绿肥部分替代化学氮肥时作物产量及土壤肥力的变化[16-19],对豆科绿肥作为单一氮源的供氮潜力研究少见报道。本研究设置不同翻压量光叶紫花苕作为玉米生长的单一氮源,发现随着种植年限增加,光叶紫花苕作为单一氮源的各处理玉米产量可与常规施肥处理相当,并且在光叶紫花苕翻压量超过30000 kg/hm2时玉米产量有高于常规施肥处理的趋势 (图1)。豆科绿肥在田间进行连续施用时不仅对作物稳产、增产有较大贡献,并随着年限的增加效果逐渐加强,体现了绿肥对作物产量影响具有长效性[20-21],这与本研究结果一致。光叶紫花苕在适宜的生态区种植利用时具有良好的综合生物学性状,合理的翻压施用对玉米茎粗、穗长等农艺性状有一定的提升效果[22],本试验中玉米单穗重、穗粗及穗长均对产量有较大贡献值,体现了绿肥对玉米农艺性状的影响可能是其增产的主要机制之一。相较于部分替代化学氮肥,绿肥作为单一氮源供给作物生长发育时需要较大的翻压量,对绿肥生物量有较高要求,可以为应用绿肥作为主要肥源的有机农业提供发展思路。

    豆科绿肥作为氮源供作物生长利用时,可显著影响作物的氮素吸收量与积累[23]。研究表明,光叶紫花苕的翻压量显著影响玉米氮素转运量及转运率[11]。本研究中,在试验第一年常规施肥处理下籽粒氮含量较之绿肥处理有显著优势,第二年在光叶紫花苕翻压量为45000 kg/hm2时,籽粒氮素含量与积累量均较常规施肥有所提高,表明绿肥处理下氮素由地下转运至玉米地上部出现提升。不同于化学氮肥的养分速效性,豆科绿肥作为氮源供给需要在其腐解矿化后才能为作物所吸收利用[24],其氮素矿化过程的速率随时间的增长而逐渐出现下降,在翻压一个月后可释放约90%[25],而作物在生长早期对养分需求量较低,后期需求量逐渐增大,绿肥养分释放特性与作物养分需求特点更为契合,能够更好地促进玉米养分吸收。当足量的绿肥翻压进入农田系统时,不仅可以有效促进作物氮素吸收,与磷钾化肥配施还会对作物磷钾养分积累量有积极影响,其促进养分吸收的效果还具有长效性,可为后续农业生产服务[26]

    绿肥作物在农业系统中应用具有良好的土壤培肥效果,其生长过程积累氮、磷、钾等养分,翻压还田后可矿化释放供作物利用;同时利于土壤有机质形成,对土壤碳库增长有着较大贡献[27-28]。豆科绿肥在其生长过程中可通过生物固氮作用将大气中游离的氮进行固定,翻压后可为后茬作物提供丰富的氮素,并且通过其生长季根系伸长吸收上茬作物生长后土壤中盈余的磷钾,但相较于氮钾,光叶紫花苕磷吸收量明显较少,在本试验中相较于单施化肥处理,绿肥的翻压还田不仅带入了大量的氮素,其吸收的磷钾也随之进入田间。有研究表明通过紫云英翻压配合化学氮肥减量40%的情况下土壤肥力可缓慢提升[29],并且有研究表明施用绿肥氮素损失率远低于化学氮肥,因而能更大程度地维持土壤肥力水平[30-31]。本研究中玉米收获期土壤有效磷、全磷的含量与常规施肥一致,而碱解氮及速效钾在2018年不同绿肥处理与化肥处理相近,2019年度呈现随着光叶紫花苕翻压量增加而增长的规律,土壤全氮、全钾及有机质也有着相似的累积特征。土壤全氮含量对玉米产量有着最大的贡献率 (图4),即输入的养分能较大程度地增加土壤全氮及速效氮含量时,玉米产量可获得一定程度提升,表明光叶紫花苕主要通过改善土壤全氮含量进而影响作物产量。本试验中,在绿肥作为单一氮源输入情况下,土壤整体肥力得到了较好的维持,尤其是对土壤有机质及氮、钾养分的提升作用明显,且试验第二年绿肥作用更佳,表明绿肥连续种植翻压具有稳定提升土壤养分库存的潜力[32-33]

    云南旱地玉米生产中以绿肥光叶紫花苕作唯一氮源时,绿肥翻压第一年需要高翻压量 (45000 kg/hm2) 才能获得常规氮肥相当的产量,第二年继续翻压,试验绿肥翻压量均获得了与常规氮肥相近的产量水平,高翻压量更有超越使用化学氮肥 (270 kg/hm2) 的增产潜力,并且玉米地上部氮积累量与化肥多没有显著差异。绿肥翻压第一年土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾及土壤有机质提升不明显,但第二年继续绿肥翻压则有明显提高。因此,光叶紫花苕作绿肥连续翻压能够满足云南旱地玉米生产养分需求,并且绿肥增产、培肥土壤的效应随着翻压年限增加而更加明显。

  • 图  1   不同绿肥翻压量对玉米产量的影响

    [注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压15000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2;G2—翻压30000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2;G3—翻压45000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2;FN—冬闲+氮肥Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).]

    Figure  1.   Maize grain yield affected by green manure incorporation rate

    图  2   不同处理下玉米收获期土壤全量养分及有机质含量

    [注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压15000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2;G2—翻压30000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2;G3—翻压45000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2;FN—冬闲+氮肥Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).]

    Figure  2.   Soil total nutrient and organic matter contents at maize harvest stage under different treatments

    图  3   不同处理下玉米收获期土壤速效养分含量及pH

    [注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压15000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2;G2—翻压30000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2;G3—翻压45000 kg/hm2绿肥Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2;FN—冬闲+氮肥Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).]

    Figure  3.   Available nutrient contents and pH of soil at maize harvest stage under different treatments

    图  4   不同土壤性状及玉米性状对玉米产量的贡献率

    [注(Note):TN—土壤全氮Soil total N;AN—土壤速效氮Soil available N;TP—土壤全磷Soil total P;OM—土壤有机质 Soil organic matter;TK—土壤全钾Soil total K;AK—土壤速效钾Soil available K;AP—土壤有效磷Soil available P. ST—茎粗 Stem diameter;BEL—秃穗长 Bald ear length;ED—穗粗 Ear diameter;EL—穗长 Ear length;EH—穗位高Ear height;PH—株高 Plant height;WPE—单穗重 Weight per ear.]

    Figure  4.   Contribution of soil properties and agronomy traits on maize yield

    表  1   各处理光叶紫花苕翻压量及氮磷钾施用量 (kg/hm2)

    Table  1   Application amounts of smooth vetch and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers under different treatments

    处理
    Treatment
    光叶紫花苕
    Smooth vetch
    NK2OP2O5
    CK0 09090
    G115000 09090
    G230000 09090
    G345000 09090
    FN0 2709090
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   不同处理下玉米农艺性状

    Table  2   Agronomy properties of maize under different treatments

    年份
    Year
    处理
    Treatment
    茎粗
    Stem thick
    (cm)
    秃穗长
    Bald ear length
    (cm)
    穗粗
    Ear diameter
    (cm)
    穗长
    Ear length
    (cm)
    穗位高
    Ear height
    (cm)
    株高
    Plant height
    (cm)
    单穗重
    Weight per ear
    (g)
    2018CK7.33 a0.88 a17.00 b18.66 b112.44 a243.33 a257.8 c
    G18.55 a0.77 a18.66 a19.33 ab113.88 a246.11 a285.6 bc
    G28.55 a0.55 a19.00 a21.22 a110.22 a237.77 a325.6 a
    G37.77 a0.66 a18.11 ab20.22 ab117.22 a250.00 a302.2 ab
    FN7.88 a0.55 a18.77 a21.44 a120.77 a255.00 a320.0 ab
    2019CK4.97 c1.00 a14.46 a17.03 b121.77 a252.77 a265.5 b
    G15.62 bc1.86 a15.44 a20.37 a134.33 a309.88 a325.4 ab
    G26.45 a1.54 a15.52 a20.01 a131.55 a289.66 a308.4 ab
    G36.18 ab2.18 a16.08 a21.64 a133.44 a295.88 a363.1 a
    FN5.37 bc1.67 a14.84 a18.95 a118.00 a272.77 a304.4 ab
    注(Note):CK—冬闲Winter fallow; G1—翻压 15000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2; G2—翻压 30000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2; G3—翻压 45000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2; FN—冬闲+氮肥 Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P < 0.05) Values followed by different small letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   不同处理下玉米氮、磷、钾养分含量 (%)

    Table  3   Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of maize under different treatments

    年份
    Year
    处理
    Treatment
    籽粒 Grain秸秆 Straw
    NPKNPK
    2018CK1.27 b0.27 a0.25 ab0.59 b0.12 a1.20 a
    G11.27 b0.26 a0.25 a0.74 b0.12 a1.59 a
    G21.37 b0.25 a0.25 ab0.78 ab0.11 a1.58 a
    G31.25 b0.25 a0.23 b0.78 ab0.11 a1.59 a
    FN1.61 a0.26 a0.26 a1.06 a0.11 a1.55 a
    2019CK0.75 b0.19 a0.28 a0.50 c0.09 b1.05 c
    G10.97 ab0.19 a0.27 a0.78 b0.10 a1.36 bc
    G21.06 a0.19 a0.28 a1.07 a0.11 a1.55 ab
    G31.09 a0.19 a0.27 a1.03 ab0.10 a1.76 a
    FN0.90 ab0.20 a0.29 a0.85 ab0.10 a1.03 c
    注(Note):CK—冬闲 Winter fallow; G1—翻压 15000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2; G2—翻压 30000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2; G3—翻压 45000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2; FN—冬闲+氮肥 Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Values followed by different small letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   不同处理下玉米地上部养分积累量(kg/hm2)

    Table  4   NPK accumulation in above-ground part of maize under different treatments

    年份 Year处理 TreatmentNPK
    2018CK114.93 c42.25 b244.72 b
    G1149.97 bc44.37 b293.82 ab
    G2176.09 bc48.07 ab333.87 ab
    G3184.24 b47.98 ab346.24 ab
    FN259.37 a52.99 a364.84 a
    2019CK139.15 c30.21 b216.83 c
    G1215.33 b35.39 ab285.06 b
    G2282.66 a37.15 a295.39 ab
    G3305.82 a38.70 a329.65 a
    FN228.38 b35.46 ab230.44 c
    注(Note):CK—冬闲 Winter fallow; G1—翻压 15000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 15000 kg/hm2; G2—翻压 30000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2; G3—翻压 45000 kg/hm2 绿肥 Incorporation of green manure at 45000 kg/hm2; FN—冬闲+氮肥 Winter fallow + N fertilizer. 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) Values followed by different small letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-02-06
  • 录用日期:  2021-05-11
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-08-26
  • 刊出日期:  2021-09-24

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