• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

东北春玉米滴灌施肥的适宜种植密度和施钾量研究

孔丽丽, 侯云鹏, 尹彩侠, 张磊, 赵胤凯, 刘志全, 徐新朋

孔丽丽, 侯云鹏, 尹彩侠, 张磊, 赵胤凯, 刘志全, 徐新朋. 东北春玉米滴灌施肥的适宜种植密度和施钾量研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2022, 28(10): 1755-1769. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022021
引用本文: 孔丽丽, 侯云鹏, 尹彩侠, 张磊, 赵胤凯, 刘志全, 徐新朋. 东北春玉米滴灌施肥的适宜种植密度和施钾量研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2022, 28(10): 1755-1769. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022021
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KONG Li-li, HOU Yun-peng, YIN Cai-xia, ZHANG Lei, ZHAO Yin-kai, LIU Zhi-quan, XU Xin-peng. Optimal plant density and potassium application rate for spring maize under drip-fertigation in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2022, 28(10): 1755-1769. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022021
Citation: KONG Li-li, HOU Yun-peng, YIN Cai-xia, ZHANG Lei, ZHAO Yin-kai, LIU Zhi-quan, XU Xin-peng. Optimal plant density and potassium application rate for spring maize under drip-fertigation in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2022, 28(10): 1755-1769. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022021
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东北春玉米滴灌施肥的适宜种植密度和施钾量研究

  • 1.

    农业农村部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室 / 吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所，吉林长春 130033

  • 2.

    中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所，北京100081

基金项目: 吉林省农业科技创新工程自由创新项目(CXGC2021ZY004)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    孔丽丽 E-mail：kongll2020@126.com

    通讯作者:

    侯云鹏 E-mail：exceedfhvfha@163.com

    徐新朋 E-mail：xinpengxu@163.com

Optimal plant density and potassium application rate for spring maize under drip-fertigation in Northeast China

  • 1.

    Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China

  • 2.

    Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

摘要

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    [目的] 

    适宜的种植密度和施肥量是实现春玉米高产和高肥料利用效率的重要因素。研究东北半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化条件下种植密度和施钾量对春玉米产量、效益、养分转运及吸收利用的影响，为进一步挖掘东北玉米产量潜力提供科学依据。

    [方法] 

    田间试验于2018—2019年在吉林省半干旱区乾安县赞字乡父字村进行，供试玉米品种为‘富民985’。试验采用完全区组设计，设置60000、75000、90000株/hm2 3个种植密度(分别记作D1、D2和D3)和0、60、90、120、150 kg/hm2 和5个施钾(K2O)量(分别记作K0、K1、K2、K3和K4)。分析玉米氮磷钾积累、分配与转运特征及产量、效益和钾素利用率。

    [结果] 

    同一施钾量下，玉米产量和效益均以D2密度下最高，该密度下两年的玉米平均产量较D1和D3密度下分别提高了8.1%和5.3%，效益分别提高了10.3%和9.4%。在这3个密度下，玉米产量均随施钾量的增加而增加。D1密度下，当K2O量≥90 kg/hm2时，产量和效益的增幅不再明显；而D2和D3密度下，当K2O量≥120 kg/hm2 时，产量和效益增幅不再明显。随施钾量的增加，不同种植密度下钾素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均呈下降趋势，但同一钾量下的钾素利用率均以D2密度下的处理最高。种植密度和施钾量对玉米吐丝前后氮、磷、钾素累积量有显著的交互作用，D2K3处理促进了吐丝前氮、磷、钾养分的积累及向籽粒的转运，提高了吐丝后氮、磷、钾同化量及对籽粒的贡献率，进而提高了籽粒氮、磷、钾积累量。相关分析结果表明，玉米吐丝前后氮、磷、钾素积累量与籽粒产量均呈极显著正相关(r=0.636～0.971)，其中吐丝后的相关性高于吐丝前。

    [结论] 

    在东北半干旱区，滴灌水肥一体化条件下，密度和钾肥互作显著影响玉米产量、养分吸收、转运和钾素利用率。最佳密度和施钾量组合是75000 株/hm2配合K2O 120 kg/hm2。

    Abstract:
    [Objectives] 

    Appropriate plant density and fertilizer application rate are important factors to achieve high yield and fertilizer efficiency of crop production. We studied the suitable combination of plant density and potash application rate for the spring maize production in Northeast China under semiarid climate area.

    [Methods] 

    A field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2019 in Qian'an County, Jilin Province, with maize cultivar ‘Fumin 985’ as tested material. A complete block design was used, including plant densities of 60000 plants/hm2 (D1), 75000 plants/hm2 (D2) and 90000 plants/hm2 (D3), and potassium application rates of K2O 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/hm2 (recorded as K0, K1, K2, K3 and K4, respectively). The accumulation, distribution and translocation of NPK, yield, benefit and K utilization efficiency of maize were investigated.

    [Results] 

    Under the same K2O application rate, the highest maize yield and benefit were recorded in D2 treatment. Compared to D1 and D3, D2 increased the average maize yield by 8.1% and 5.3%, and increased the benefit by 10.3% and 9.4%. Regardless of plant densities, the maize yield increased with the increase of K2O rate; however, the yield and benefit increase were similar under D1 when K2O was ≥90 kg/hm2, and under D2 and D3 when K2O was ≥120 kg/hm2. The K recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity decreased with increasing K2O application rate, but they remained higher in D2 than in D1 and D3 in the same K rate. The planting density and K2O rate had significant interaction on the accumulation of N, P and K before and after silking stage. D2K3 increased the accumulation and transfer of N, P and K to the grains before silking stage, and increased the assimilation of N, P and K and their contribution rates to grains after silking stage. The correlation analysis showed that the accumulation of N, P and K before and after silking stage and the grain yield were highly significantly correlated (r=0.636–0.971), and the correlation coefficients after silking stage were higher than those before silking stage.

    [Conclusions] 

    Planting density and K fertilizer interactions significantly affected maize yield, nutrient uptake, translocation and K-use-efficiency under drip irrigation with integration of water and fertilizer in the semi-arid region of Northeast China. The best combination was planting density of 75000 plants/hm2 and K2O rate of 120 kg/hm2 under fertigation.

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  • 东北半干旱区是我国重要的玉米产区，占东北玉米种植面积的30%以上[1]。该区域光热资源丰富，但受降雨量低(年均降雨量350～450 mm)和季节分布不均的影响，使该区域玉米单产显著低于东北玉米平均单产水平[2]。近年来，滴灌水肥一体化技术已在东北半干旱区得到广泛应用[3]。但在滴灌水肥一体化条件下，栽培措施仍沿用传统方式，未能充分发挥滴灌水肥一体化增产潜力。在面对我国人口压力、可耕地面积日趋紧张的背景下，如何进一步提高该地区玉米产量，是当前东北半干旱区亟待解决的问题。

    玉米高产通常以较高的生物量为前提，而养分吸收是其基础[4]。种植密度和养分管理是玉米生产中重要的调控因子。适宜种植密度可使玉米充分利用光热资源构建良好群体结构，为玉米群体提供适宜生物量，使单位面积玉米穗数、穗粒数和籽粒质量得到协同发展[5-6]，进而实现玉米高产。在养分管理中，钾是作物生长发育需要的大量营养元素之一，在光合作用、光合产物运转、气孔运动调节、韧皮部运输、品质和抗逆性提高等方面发挥着重要作用[7]。与此同时，施钾可进一步提高氮代谢酶活性，如谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)[8-9]，并与磷存在着互促作用[10]。在高产目标下，作物需要吸收大量的钾，钾需求量与氮素相当。然而土壤中的钾主要以矿物态形式存在，仅小部分钾对作物有效[11]，所以化学钾肥成为了作物钾素的主要来源[12-13]。但在东北地区普遍存在着玉米种植密度低和钾肥施用不足等现象，不仅影响了玉米产量，而且导致了土壤钾素不断耗竭[14]。因此，有必要优化玉米种植密度和适量增施钾肥，达到玉米优质高产的目标。目前，有关不同种植密度和施钾量对玉米生长发育和产量影响的研究报道较多，研究者普遍认为，滴灌水肥一体化能保证土壤水分和养分在玉米各生育期充分供应，可大幅提高玉米种植密度[15]，且玉米产量与种植密度在一定范围内呈显著正相关。然而当种植密度过高时，会使植株个体发育不良，玉米产量降低[16]。而钾肥用量不足，不仅会影响作物光合作用、物质的转运与抗倒伏能力，还会影响植株对氮、磷养分的吸收，限制作物的增产潜力[11]。但当钾肥过量供应时，作物产量不再提高，反而会造成钾素奢侈吸收[17]。因此，种植密度和施钾量在玉米生长中只有维持平衡、协调的关系, 才能发挥对玉米生长最佳的互作效应，保证玉米正常生长。前人研究中虽然已有较多关于养分管理与不同种植密度对作物产量、光合特性、根系生长和养分吸收的影响，但多为氮肥施用与种植密度组合研究。而东北半干旱地区滴灌水肥一体化条件下，不同钾肥用量结合密度变化对玉米养分吸收、分配与利用的影响研究还鲜见报道。因此，我们进行了为期2年的田间定位试验，在滴灌条件下，通过研究种植密度与钾肥用量交互作用对玉米产量、产量构成、养分吸收利用的影响机制，明确产量、养分吸收利用协同提高的适宜钾肥用量和种植密度，以期为东北半干旱地区春玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据。

    1.   材料与方法

    1.1   试验地概况

    试验于2018—2019年在吉林省乾安县吉林省农业科学院乾安实验站(35°28′ N, 104°44′ E)开展，该地海拔2000 m，无霜期140天，年均日照时数2 476.6 h，年均气温6.4℃，多年平均降水425 mm，属典型的中温带半干旱区。玉米生育期气象数据 (平均温度、降水量) 通过试验点的自动气象站获取(图1)。试验区农田土壤为典型淡黑钙土，2018年种植前0—20 cm土壤基本养分状况为：有机质含量17.4 g/kg，土壤水解性氮含量98.9 mg/kg，土壤有效磷含量15.0 mg/kg，土壤速效钾含量109.4 mg/kg，pH 8.06。

    图  1  试验地点2018—2019年平均温度与降水量
    Figure  1.  Mean temperature and precipitation at the test site in 2018 to 2019
    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    1.2   试验设计

    试验采用不同种植密度和施钾量的双因素设计，分别为3个种植密度(60000、75000和 90000株/hm2，分别记作D1、D2和D3)和5个施钾(K2O)水平(0、60、90、120和150 kg/hm2，分别记作K0、K1、K2、K3和K4)的完全组合，共计15个处理。小区面积40 m2，重复3次。各处理氮肥(N)和磷肥(P2O5)用量一致，分别为220和90 kg/hm2。氮肥按20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥+20%抽雄肥+10%灌浆肥施用，磷肥按40%基肥+60%大喇叭口肥施用，钾肥按60%基肥+40%大喇叭口肥施用。肥料品种分别为尿素(N 46%)、磷酸一铵(N 12%，P2O5 61%)和氯化钾(K2O 60%)。供试玉米品种为富民985，2018和2019年玉米种植日期分别为5月7日和5月3日。采用浅埋滴灌种植，玉米播种后，将滴灌带铺设于宽行中间，每条滴灌带浇灌2行玉米。各处理两年玉米生育期灌水定额均为240 mm，其中在玉米播前、苗期和拔节期分别灌水20 mm，大喇叭口期、吐丝期和灌浆期分别灌水60 mm，共计6次，各处理单独用水表控制同等灌水量。每小区单配18 L压差式施肥罐，施肥开始前按各处理所需氮、磷、钾肥放入施肥罐，充满水后搅拌至完全溶解。在施肥前先滴清水30 min，然后打开施肥阀施肥，施肥时间为120 min，施肥后继续滴清水30 min。收获日期分别为9月30日和10月2日。其他田间管理按玉米常规生产田进行。

    1.3   样品采集与测定

    1.3.1   养分积累与转运

    于玉米吐丝期(R1)和生理成熟期(PM)采集各处理具有代表性玉米植株5株，带回室内按不同器官(茎、叶、穗轴和籽粒)分开，以105℃杀青30 min，然后以80℃烘干至恒重后粉碎，测定样品氮(凯氏定氮法)、磷(钒钼黄比色法)、钾(火焰光度计法)养分含量，并计算养分转运量、转运率、转运养分贡献率和积累养分贡献率，计算公式如下：

    养分转运量(kg/hm2)= 吐丝期植株地上部养分积累量－成熟期植株地上部营养器官养分积累量；

    养分转运率(%)= 养分转运量/吐丝期植株地上部养分积累量 × 100；

    转运养分贡献率(%)= 养分转运量/籽粒养分积累量 × 100；

    积累养分贡献率= 100%－转运养分贡献率。

    1.3.2   钾素利用率

    钾素利用率包括钾素吸收利用率(REK)、农学利用率(AEK)和偏生产力(PFPK)，其计算公式如下：

    钾素吸收利用率(REK，%)=(施钾区植株钾积累量－不施钾区植株钾积累量)/施钾量×100；

    钾素农学利用率(AEK，kg/kg)=(施钾区玉米产量－不施钾区玉米产量)/施钾量；

    钾素偏生产力 (PFPK，kg/kg)= 施钾区籽粒产量/施钾量。

    1.3.3   产量、产量构成因素与效益计算

    于玉米成熟期选择每小区中间4行，测定穗数，并在自然风干后(籽粒水分≤20%)，人工脱粒，用 PM-8188 谷物水分测定仪测定籽粒含水量，并折算成 14% 标准含水量，按测产面积折算成单位面积产量。与此同时，选择10个代表性果穗，测定穗粒数和千粒重。

    净收入(元/hm2)=玉米产量×玉米价格－生产投入成本(包括种子、肥料、农药、滴灌设备和种植收获人工成本)。

    1.4   数据处理与分析

    采用 Excel 2016 整理汇总数据，密度与钾肥的主效应及两因素间交互作用应用 SPSS 19.0 软件一般线性模型(GLM)多因素方差分析，处理间差异采用 Duncan多重比较检验，P<0.05为差异显著。用 Sigma Plot 14.0 软件绘图。

    2.   结果与分析

    2.1   玉米产量与产量构成因素及效益分析

    2.1.1   玉米产量与产量构成因素

    种植密度和施钾量对玉米产量均具有显著影响，且两因素间的交互效应达显著水平(表1)。就种植密度而言，两年玉米产量均表现为D2>D3>D1，与D1和D3处理相比，D2处理下各施钾处理两年的平均玉米产量增幅分别为8.1%和5.3%，差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。就钾肥用量而言，不同种植密度下施钾处理玉米产量均显著高于K0处理(P<0.05)，并随施钾量的增加产量呈增加趋势。其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，产量增幅不再显著(P>0.05)；而在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，产量增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。

    表  1  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米产量与构成因素
    Table  1.  Maize yield and its components under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    处理
    Treatment    		20182019
    产量
    Yield
    (kg/hm2)    		穗数
    Ears
    (No./hm2)    		穗粒数
    Grain number
    per ear    		千粒重 (g)
    1000-grain weight    		产量
    Yield
    (kg/hm2)    		穗数
    Ears
    (No./hm2)    		穗粒数
    Grain number
    per ear    		千粒重 (g)
    1000-grain weight
    D1K09875 c59000 a580.8 c326.6 c9605 c59500 a577.9 c320.0 c
    K110879 b58500 a603.9 b341.8 b10554 b58500 a592.4 b334.1 b
    K211295 a59500 a614.5 a351.2 a11015 a59500 a617.9 a341.1 a
    K311396 a59000 a618.4 a350.5 a11072 a59750 a620.0 a343.9 a
    K411465 a59750 a620.6 a350.6 a11162 a59750 a619.9 a344.1 a
    平均 Average10982 59150 607.6344.110682 59400 605.6336.6
    D2K010819 d74000 a507.3 d324.1 c10613 d74000 a486.3 d311.1 c
    K111520 c73500 a527.3 c333.0 b11206 c73500 a504.5 c321.9 b
    K212044 b74000 a548.2 b335.6 b11581 b74000 a517.9 b325.2 b
    K312494 a74000 a562.5 a339.0 a12048 a74000 a531.2 a331.6 a
    K412533 a73750 a565.0 a340.9 a12192 a73750 a532.9 a333.0 a
    平均 Average11882 73850 542.1334.611528 73850 514.6324.6
    D3K010099 d88500 a426.5 d305.5 d10019 d89250 a409.2 d305.5 d
    K110887 c87000 a438.9 c317.3 c10693 c89000 a431.0 c314.3 c
    K211347 b86250 a452.6 b324.7 b11054 b88250 a442.1 b319.7 b
    K311815 a85500 a466.7 a333.5 a11545 a87500 a453.9 a327.2 a
    K412017 a87250 a467.4 a333.8 a11665 a89250 a451.3 a327.9 a
    平均 Average11233 86900 450.4323.010995 88650 437.5318.9
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)****************
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*ns****ns***
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level. ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    就产量构成而言，种植密度对穗数、穗粒数和千粒重影响显著，施钾量对穗粒数和千粒重影响显著，而对穗数影响不显著。种植密度和施钾量对玉米穗粒数和千粒重表现出显著的交互效应。就种植密度而言，玉米穗数随种植密度的增加呈增加趋势，而穗粒数和千粒重均表现为随种植密度的增加呈降低趋势。在相同密度下，施钾显著增加了玉米穗粒数和千粒重(P<0.05)，并随施钾量的提高两指标整体呈增加趋势；其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，穗粒数和千粒重增幅不再显著(P>0.05)；在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，穗粒数和千粒重增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。而在同一密度下不同施钾处理间玉米穗数差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。

    密度对玉米穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均具有显著影响(图2)，其中对穗数影响最大，而对穗粒数和千粒重具有负效应。施钾对玉米穗粒数和千粒重影响显著，对玉米穗数影响不显著，其中对穗粒数影响最大。而穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均对产量影响显著，其中穗数影响最大，后依次为穗粒数和千粒重。

    图  2  不同处理对产量及其构成因素路径分析
    注：**—P<0.01；虚线表示影响不显著。
    Figure  2.  Path analysis of yield and its components under different treatments
    Note: **—P<0.01. Dashed lines indicate no significant effect
    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片
    2.1.2   经济效益

    种植密度对总收入、种子支出和净收入具有显著影响，而施钾量对总收入、肥料支出和净收入影响显著，两因素对总收入和净收入的交互效应达到了显著水平(表2)。就种植密度而言，虽然提高种植密度显著增加了种子支出，但两年净收入均表现为D2>D3>D1，与D1和D3处理相比，D2处理下各施钾处理两年平均净收入增幅分别为10.3%和9.4%，差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。就钾肥用量而言，不同种植密度下施钾处理净收入均显著高于K0处理(P<0.05)，并随着施钾量的增加净收入整体呈增加趋势。其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，净收入增幅不再显著(P>0.05)；而在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，净收入增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。

    表  2  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米生产效益(yuan/hm2)
    Table  2.  Benefit of maize production as affected by plant density and potassium application rate
    处理
    Treatment    		20182019
    总收入
    Gross income    		肥料支出
    Fertilizer cost    		种子支出
    Seed cost    		其他支出
    Other cost    		净收入
    Net income    		总收入
    Gross income    		肥料支出
    Fertilizer cost    		种子支出
    Seed cost    		其他支出
    Other cost    		净收入
    Net income
    D1K015998 c1580 e720290010798 c15560 c1580 e720290010360 c
    K117623 b1830 d720290012173 b17097 b1830 d720290011647 b
    K218299 a1955 c720290012724 a17844 a1955 c720290012269 a
    K318461 a2080 b720290012761 a17936 a2080 b720290012236 a
    K418574 a2205 a720290012749 a18083 a2205 a720290012258 a
    平均 Average17791 1930 720290012241 17304 1930 720290011754
    D2K017527 d1580 e900290012147 d17193 d1580 e900290011813 d
    K118662 c1830 d900290013032 c18154 c1830 d900290012524 c
    K219512 b1955 c900290013757 b18761 b1955 c900290013006 b
    K320241 a2080 b900290014361 a19518 a2080 b900290013638 a
    K420304 a2205 a900290014299 a19751 a2205 a900290013746 a
    平均 Average19249 1930 900290013519 18675 1930 900290012945
    D3K016360 d1580 e1080290010800 d16231 d1580 e1080290010671 d
    K117636 c1830 d1080290011826 c17323 c1830 d1080290011513 c
    K218383 b1955 c1080290012448 b17908 b1955 c1080290011973 b
    K319141 a2080 b1080290013081 a18703 a2080 b1080290012643 a
    K419468 a2205 a1080290013283 a18898 a2205 a1080290012713 a
    平均 Average18198 1930 1080290012288 17813 1930 1080290011903
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**ns******ns****
    施钾量 K rate (K)****ns******ns**
    D×K*nsns**nsns*
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。玉米 1.62 元/kg，N 4.78 元/kg，P2O5 5.87 元/kg，K2O 4.17 元/kg，种子36 元/kg；其他支出包括机械、滴灌设备、农药和水电费等费用等。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著； ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. Maize 1.62 yuan/kg, N 4.78 yuan/kg, P2O5 5.87 yuan/kg, K2O 4.17 yuan/kg, seed 36 yuan/kg; other costs include machinery, drip irrigation equipment, pesticides and utilities. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    2.2   氮、磷、钾积累特征

    2.2.1   氮、磷、钾积累量

    种植密度和施钾量对玉米吐丝期(R1)和生理成熟期(PM)氮、磷、钾积累量均具有显著影响，且两因素间的交互效应均达到了显著水平(图3)。不同种植密度间，各处理同期玉米氮、磷、钾积累量均表现为D2>D3>D1。与D1和D3相比，D2处理两年吐丝期氮、磷、钾平均积累量分别提高6.0%、11.1%、6.4%和2.9%、5.5%、3.4%；成熟期氮、磷、钾平均积累量分别提高4.6%、11.1%、6.5%和3.2%、4.6%、3.7%；其中D2与D1处理差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。就钾肥用量而言，各种植密度下施钾处理吐丝期和成熟期玉米氮、磷、钾积累量均显著高于K0处理(P<0.05)，并随施钾量的增加氮、磷、钾积累量整体呈增加趋势，其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，玉米吐丝期和成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量增幅不再显著(P>0.05)；在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，玉米吐丝期和成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。说明适宜的钾肥用量可有效提高玉米养分吸收，而钾肥过量供应不会使玉米养分积累量进一步提高。

    图  3  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米氮、磷、钾积累量
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。R1—吐丝期；PM—生理成熟期。D—密度；K—施钾量；D×K表示密度和施钾量间的交互作用；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。柱上不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著。帽子代表不同密度间差异显著性；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05。
    Figure  3.  Accumulation of N, P and K under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. R1—Silking stage; PM—Physiological maturity. D—Density; K—K treatments; D×K indicate the interaction between density and K rate; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01. Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level. The cap represent the significant difference among different densities; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05
    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片
    2.2.2   玉米吐丝前后地上部氮磷钾分配比例

    由图4可知，就种植密度而言，不同种植密度间玉米吐丝期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量占植株氮、磷、钾总量比例均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。而不同种植密度下施钾处理玉米吐丝期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量占植株氮、磷、钾总量的比例均高于K0处理，并随施钾量的增加占比整体呈增加趋势；其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，玉米吐丝期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量占植株氮、磷、钾总量比例增幅不再显著(P>0.05)；在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，玉米吐丝期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量占植株氮、磷、钾总量比例增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。

    图  4  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米吐丝前后地上部氮磷钾积累量占整株氮磷钾积累量的比例
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。V3—三叶苗期；R1—吐丝期；PM—生理成熟期。柱中不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著。
    Figure  4.  Proportions of above-ground N, P and K accumulation in the whole plant before and after silking stage of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. V3—Vegetative third leaf; R1—Silking stage; PM—Physiological maturity. Different lowercase letters in the bars mean significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level
    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    2.3   氮、磷、钾转运特征

    种植密度对养分转运量具有显著影响，而对养分转运率、转运养分贡献率和积累养分贡献率影响不显著；施钾量对养分转运量、转运养分贡献率和积累养分贡献率均影响显著，对养分转运率影响不显著；而两因素对养分转运量的交互作用达显著水平(表3、表4、表5)。不同种植密度间，玉米氮、磷、钾转运量均表现为D2>D3>D1。与D1和D3相比，D2处理两年平均氮、磷、钾转运量分别提高9.3%、9.8%、12.9%和4.3%、4.2%和7.4%，差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。从钾肥用量来看，不同种植密度下施钾处理氮、磷、钾转运量均显著高于K0处理(P<0.05)，并随施钾量的增加转运量整体呈增加趋势；其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，玉米氮、磷、钾转运量增幅不再显著(P>0.05)；在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，玉米氮、磷、钾转运量增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。氮、磷、钾转运贡献率随施钾量增加整体呈降低趋势，而氮、磷、钾积累贡献率则随施钾量的增加整体呈增加趋势，其中在D1密度下，当施钾量≥90 kg/hm2时，氮、磷、钾积累贡献率增幅不再显著，而在D2和D3密度下，当施钾量≥120 kg/hm2时，氮、磷、钾积累贡献率增幅不再显著(P>0.05)。

    表  3  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米氮素转运
    Table  3.  Nitrogen translocation of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    密度
    Density    		钾处理
    K treatment    		20182019
    氮素转运量
    NT
    (kg/hm2)    		氮素转运率
    NTE
    (%)    		氮素转运贡献率
    NTCRV
    (%)    		氮素积累贡献率
    NACRV
    (%)    		氮素转运量
    NT
    (kg/hm2)    		氮素转运率
    NTE
    (%)    		氮素转运贡献率
    NTCRV
    (%)    		氮素积累贡献率
    NACRV
    (%)
    D1K052.8 c45.6 a48.5 a51.5 c51.0 c45.4 a47.6 a52.4 c
    K156.6 b46.3 a47.0 b53.0 b55.7 b46.3 a45.7 b54.3 b
    K259.8 a47.0 a44.9 c55.1 a58.1 a46.5 a44.2 c55.8 a
    K360.1 a46.8 a45.2 c54.8 a58.5 a46.1 a44.3 c55.7 a
    K461.1 a46.9 a45.2 c54.8 a58.6 a45.9 a43.9 c56.1 a
    平均
    Average    		58.146.546.253.856.446.045.154.9
    D2K058.4 d47.2 a51.2 a48.8 d56.3 c48.1 a49.5 a50.5 c
    K162.5 c48.5 a49.8 b50.2 c59.3 b47.6 a47.4 b52.6 b
    K263.6 b47.3 a47.2 c52.8 b62.2 b48.1 a47.1 b52.9 b
    K367.1 a48.1 a45.9 d54.1 a64.3 a47.5 a45.8 c54.2 a
    K467.7 a48.1 a46.0 d54.0 a64.0 a46.7 a45.7 c54.3 a
    平均
    Average    		63.947.848.052.061.247.647.152.9
    D3K054.7 d46.4 a50.1 a49.9 c54.7 d47.3 a48.7 a51.3 c
    K157.0 c45.7 a48.5 b51.5 b57.6 c47.1 a46.6 b53.4 b
    K260.3 b46.3 a47.9 b52.1 b59.6 b47.6 a46.5 b53.5 b
    K364.6 a48.1 a46.3 c53.7 a62.3 a47.2 a44.9 c55.1 a
    K464.8 a48.0 a46.5 c53.5 a63.9 a47.8 a44.8 c55.2 a
    平均
    Average    		60.346.947.952.159.647.446.353.7
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**nsnsns**nsnsns
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*nsnsns*nsnsns
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。NT—氮素转运量；NTE—氮素转运率；NTCRV—氮素转运贡献率；NACRV—氮素积累贡献率。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. NT—N translocation; NTE—N translocation efficiency; NTCRV—N translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ; NACRV—N accumulation conversion rate of vegetative organ. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  4  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米磷素转运
    Table  4.  Phosphorus translocation of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    密度
    Density    		钾处理
    K treatment    		20182019
    磷素转运量
    PT
    (kg/hm2)    		磷素转运率
    PTE
    (%)    		磷素转运贡献率
    PTCRV
    (%)    		磷素积累贡献率
    PACRV
    (%)    		磷素转运量
    PT
    (kg/hm2)    		磷素转运率
    PTE
    (%)    		磷素转运贡献率
    PTCRV
    (%)    		磷素积累贡献率
    PACRV
    (%)
    D1K010.0 c75.1 a57.5 a42.5 c10.1 c74.4 a55.9 a44.1 c
    K111.0 b75.3 a55.8 b44.2 b10.7 b73.6 a54.4 b45.6 b
    K211.6 a73.7 a53.4 c46.6 a11.5 a74.0 a52.6 c47.4 a
    K311.7 a73.8 a53.7 c46.3 a11.7 a73.7 a52.7 c47.3 a
    K411.9 a73.7 a53.6 c46.4 a11.8 a73.7 a52.8 c47.2 a
    平均
    Average    		11.274.354.845.211.273.953.746.3
    D2K010.7 d74.0 a57.0 a43.0 c11.1 d74.1 a56.6 a43.4 c
    K111.3 c70.9 a55.1 b44.9 b11.9 c73.8 a54.3 b45.7 b
    K212.2 b71.8 a54.8 b45.2 b12.4 b72.8 a53.4 b46.6 b
    K313.2 a73.7 a53.1 c46.9 a13.2 a73.0 a51.7 c48.3 a
    K413.4 a73.8 a53.3 c46.7 a13.3 a72.6 a51.8 c48.2 a
    平均
    Average    		12.272.854.745.312.473.353.646.4
    D3K010.6 d75.1 a57.5 a42.5 c10.4 d75.5 a56.7 a43.3 c
    K111.0 c72.0 a54.7 b45.3 b11.1 c74.2 a54.0 b46.0 b
    K212.0 b73.4 a54.3 b45.7 b12.0 b74.8 a53.6 b46.4 b
    K312.9 a74.9 a52.4 c47.6 a12.6 a74.8 a52.1 c47.9 a
    K413.0 a73.7 a52.9 c47.1 a12.6 a74.5 a51.7 c48.3 a
    平均
    Average    		11.973.854.445.611.774.853.646.4
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**nsnsns**nsnsns
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*nsnsns*nsnsns
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。PT—磷素转运量；PTE—磷素转运率；PTCRV—磷素转运贡献率；PACRV—磷素积累贡献率。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note：D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. PT—P translocation; PTE—P translocation efficiency; PTCRV—P translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ; PACRV—P accumulation conversion rate of vegetative organ. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 leve; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  5  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米钾素转运
    Table  5.  Potassium translocation of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    密度
    Density    		钾处理
    K treatment    		20182019
    钾素转运量
    KT
    (kg/hm2)    		钾素转运率
    KTE
    (%)    		钾素转运贡献率
    KTCRV
    (%)    		钾素积累贡献率
    KACRV
    (%)    		钾素转运量
    KT
    (kg/hm2)    		钾素转运率
    KTE
    (%)    		钾素转运贡献率
    KTCRV
    (%)    		钾素积累贡献率
    KACRV
    (%)
    D1K017.7 c16.4 a68.4 a31.6 c16.8 c13.9 a67.2 a32.8 c
    K119.6 b15.8 a66.3 b33.7 b18.6 b14.2 a65.4 b34.6 b
    K222.6 a16.0 a64.3 c35.7 a21.1 a15.3 a62.7 c37.3 a
    K323.6 a16.7 a64.2 c35.8 a21.9 a15.8 a63.4 c36.6 a
    K423.1 a16.2 a63.4 c36.6 a21.2 a15.2 a62.9 c37.1 a
    平均
    Average    		21.316.265.334.719.914.964.335.7
    D2K020.3 d16.2 a66.6 a33.4 c18.7 d14.5 a70.3 a29.7 c
    K123.2 c16.9 a64.4 b35.6 b20.3 c14.6 a65.1 b34.9 b
    K225.2 b16.8 a63.5 b36.5 b22.0 b15.2 a65.9 b34.1 b
    K327.0 a17.1 a61.0 c39.0 a23.8 a15.5 a62.3 c37.7 a
    K427.6 a17.3 a60.1 c39.9 a24.0 a15.6 a62.4 c37.6 a
    平均
    Average    		24.716.963.136.921.815.165.234.8
    D3K019.1 c16.3 a68.7 a31.3 c17.0 d13.7 a68.5 a31.5 c
    K122.1 b16.2 a66.0 b34.0 b19.2 c14.3 a65.1 b34.9 b
    K222.9 b16.2 a64.6 bc35.4 ab20.8 b14.7 a64.6 b35.4 b
    K325.3 a16.5 a63.8 c36.2 a22.4 a15.4 a62.5 c37.5 a
    K424.9 a17.1 a64.0 c36.0 a22.7 a15.5 a62.2 c37.8 a
    平均
    Average    		22.916.565.434.620.414.764.635.4
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**nsnsns**nsnsns
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*nsnsns*nsnsns
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. KT—K translocation; KTE—K translocation efficiency; KTCRV—K translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ; KACRV—K accumulation conversion rate of vegetative organ. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    2.4   钾素利用率

    种植密度和施钾量对钾素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均具有显著影响，且两因素的交互作用达到了显著水平(图5)。不同种植密度间，玉米钾素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均表现为D2>D3>D1。与D1和D3相比，D2处理钾素吸收利用率分别提高8.6和2.6个百分点；钾素农学利用率分别提高8.4和6.2 kg/kg；钾素偏生产力分别提高8.4和6.2 kg/kg，差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。从钾肥用量来看，不同种植密度下施钾处理钾素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随施钾量的增加呈下降趋势。

    图  5  不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米钾素利用率
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。D—密度；K—施钾量；D×K表示密度和施钾量间的交互作用；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。柱上不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著。帽子代表不同密度间差异显著性；*—P<0.05
    Figure  5.  Potassium utilization efficiency of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates
    Note: REK—K recovery efficiency; AEK—K agronomic efficiency; PEPK—K partial factor productivity. D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. D—Density; K—K treatments; D×K indicate the interaction between density and K rate; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01. Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level. The cap represents the significant difference among different densities; *—P<0.05
    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    2.5   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米不同生育时期养分吸收与产量和养分积累总量的关系

    相关性分析结果(表6)显示，苗期至吐丝期和吐丝期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量与产量及氮、磷、钾积累总量均呈极显著正相关(r=0.636～0.971)。其中吐丝期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量与产量(r=0.701～0.728)及氮(r=0.915～0.946)、磷(r=0.869～0.971)、钾(r=0.854～0.945)积累总量的相关性均高于苗期至吐丝期氮、磷、钾积累量与产量(r=0.636～0.683)及氮(r=0.859～0.894)、磷(r=0.834～0.929)、钾(r=0.826～0.884)积累总量的相关性。

    表  6  玉米不同生育时期养分吸收与产量和养分积累总量的关系
    Table  6.  The correlation of nutrient absorption with yield and total nutrient accumulation at different growth stages of maize
    指标
    Index    		氮素积累量
    N accumulation    		磷素积累量
    P accumulation    		钾素积累量
    K accumulation
    V3—R1R1—PMV3—R1R1—PMV3—R1R1—PM
    产量 Yield0.683**0.728**0.671**0.701**0.636**0.708**
    氮积累总量 Total N accumulation0.894**0.946**0.867**0.924**0.859**0.915**
    磷积累总量 Total P accumulation0.878**0.894**0.929**0.971**0.834**0.869**
    钾积累总量 Total K accumulation0.826**0.854**0.842**0.945**0.884**0.936**
    注：V3—三叶苗期；R1—吐丝期；PM—生理成熟期。**—P<0.01。
    Note: V3—Vegetative third leaf; R1—Silking stage; PM—Physiological maturity. **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    3.   讨论

    3.1   种植密度和施钾量对玉米产量的影响

    合理密植通过增加群体数量，改善冠层结构，利用群体优势提高光能、水分和养分利用效率[18-20]，是作物获得高产的重要栽培措施之一。对于玉米而言，单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重决定着玉米产量的高低，各产量性能指标间的协调是实现高产的基础[21-22]。本研究发现，在相同施钾量下，随种植密度的增加，玉米个体竞争加剧，会降低单株玉米穗粒数与千粒重；当种植密度增加至75000 株/hm2水平时，由于群体增产效应大于单株降低产量效应，使其产量最高(表1)。但当种植密度过高(90000 株/hm2)时，玉米个体生存空间急剧降低，水、肥、光等资源竞争进一步加剧[23]，光合物质向籽粒分配比例降低，使玉米穗粒数和千粒重下降，对产量的影响程度远大于单位面积穗数的增加，导致玉米产量显著下降。可见协调个体与群体的生长矛盾，在提高群体数量的同时，保持较高的单株生产能力是密植玉米获得高产的关键。与此同时，肥料运筹也是调控玉米生长的关键栽培措施之一。本研究中，密度由60000 株/hm2增加至75000 株/hm2时，其获得较高玉米产量所需的施钾量也由90 kg/hm2增加到了120 kg/hm2。可能的机理是适宜增加种植密度后，需通过适当增加施钾量，促进光合产物的生产与运输[24]，使库容(穗粒数)和充实度(粒重)增加[25]，提高玉米产量。此外，虽然增加种植密度和钾肥用量会使生产成本有所提高，但显著提高了玉米产量，实现了收益增加。

    3.2   不同种植密度和施钾量对玉米养分吸收、分配和转运的影响

    种植密度和钾肥用量作为玉米生产的主要调控措施，对玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收积累与分配具有显著影响。相关研究指出，作物生育后期叶片光合作用与产量有密切关系，粒重形成中的碳大部分(74.8%～92.8%)来源于该阶段叶片的光合作用[26]。其生育后期养分积累与作物产量密切相关[27-28]。本研究结果也表明，玉米产量与玉米吐丝后养分积累的相关性高于吐丝前(表6)。但李朝苏等[29]指出，虽然作物生育后期物质积累对籽粒的贡献率高于花前，但生育前期干物质积累量与产量也呈显著的正相关关系。对玉米而言，拔节至吐丝阶段是玉米营养生长的重要时期，该阶段养分积累直接影响穗分化质量。因此，提高玉米前期养分积累总量和生育后期养分积累比例，对提高玉米产量至关重要。本研究结果表明，随着种植密度的增加，玉米地上部氮、磷、钾积累量呈先增加后降低趋势(图3)，种植密度为60000 株/hm2时，尽管群体透光条件好，但由于群体积累养分相对较少，导致群体养分积累量低于75000 株/hm2密度水平，而当群体密度增加至90000 株/hm2时，则导致群体过大，遮蔽严重，冠层内光照条件不充足，影响光合作用，导致氮、磷、钾积累量下降。而种植密度由60000 株/hm2增加至75000 株/hm2，同时将钾肥由90 kg/hm2增加至120 kg/hm2时，可显著提高D2处理(75000 株/hm2)氮、磷、钾积累量。可见，适宜的钾肥用量，是作物利用适宜种植密度充分发挥群体优势进行光合作用而生产营养物质的保障。此外，施用钾肥还可提高玉米吐丝后氮、磷、钾养分所占比例(图4)，可能的机理是施钾可增加作物叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量，提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性，并降低过氧化物酶(POD)活性、膜脂过氧化作用，延缓叶片衰老[30-31]，进而增加玉米生育后期营养体氮、磷、钾素积累总量。

    籽粒养分累积是由吐丝前累积的氮、磷、钾养分转移和吐丝后养分累积(持绿)共同作用的结果[32]。较高的籽粒养分积累量需要吐丝前营养体的转运和吐丝后养分积累的协同提高。而两部分营养源对籽粒养分贡献率受不同品种特性、生态环境及栽培措施的影响显著[15, 25-26]。本研究中，增加密度和施钾量均提高了氮、磷、钾素转运量，尽管不同施钾处理间氮、磷、钾转运率差异未达显著水平(表3、表4、表5)，但绝对转运量上差异达显著水平，其中以75000 株/hm2和施钾量120 kg/hm2条件下氮、磷、钾转运量较高。说明适度提高群体数量和钾肥用量可促进玉米营养生长阶段养分的吸收，并使源器官中储存更多的养分向籽粒转运。本研究还发现，施钾提高了玉米吐丝后积累养分对籽粒的贡献率，并在一定范围内随施钾量的增加该贡献率呈显著增加趋势。其主要原因为适宜的钾肥用量可提高玉米生育后期光合速率，促进玉米生育后期营养器官中有机物的合成，利于光合产物向籽粒的运输与分配，提高玉米籽粒养分含量[33-34]。

    3.3   不同种植密度和施钾量对玉米钾素利用率的影响

    肥料利用效率反映了作物–土壤–肥料三者间关系的动态参数，由作物产量、养分吸收总量和肥料投入量共同决定[35]。优化协调肥料与种植密度的互作关系，是提高玉米产量和钾素利用效率的有效途径。程前等[36]研究表明，适宜增密可提高玉米产量和肥料利用效率。但也有较多的研究表明，随着肥料用量的增加，作物肥料利用效率呈显著下降趋势。往往作物获得最高产量和经济效益的施肥量，其利用效率并非最高[17, 25,37]。本研究结果表明，玉米钾素利用率随种植密度的增加呈先增后降趋势，其中以75000 株/hm2密度下钾素利用率最高(图5)。说明适宜的群体结构可增加玉米产量和养分积累量，进而提高了肥料利用效率。在75000 株/hm2密度下，虽然K3 (K2O 120 kg/hm2)处理钾肥吸收利用率、农学利用效率和偏生产力均低于K1 (K2O 60 kg/hm2)和K2 (K2O 90 kg/hm2)处理，但可获得较高的产量和养分吸收量，而与K4 (K2O 150 kg/hm2)处理相比，玉米产量差异不显著(P>0.05)，钾素利用率显著提高。可见低施钾量虽然可获得较高的钾素利用率，但是以牺牲玉米产量和严重耗竭土壤钾素为代价的；而过量施钾不仅不会显著提高玉米产量，同时钾素利用率显著降低。因此，适当增加种植密度并结合适宜施钾量能够保证玉米生育期养分供给，促进玉米养分吸收，增加籽粒产量，提高钾素利用率，实现玉米高产高效目标。

    4.   结论

    种植密度和施钾量对玉米养分吸收、转运和利用有显著的交互作用。适度增加种植密度和施钾量可以显著提高玉米氮、磷、钾养分积累量，两者互作可充分发挥群体增产潜力，实现钾肥供应与玉米钾素需求之间的平衡。通过调控种植密度和施钾量，优化玉米最适单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重是提高玉米产量和收益的重要途径。在东北半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化条件下，玉米种植密度从常规的60000 株/hm2增加到75000 株/hm2，施钾量从常规的90 kg/hm2增加至120 kg/hm2，可实现玉米高产高效。

  • 图  1   试验地点2018—2019年平均温度与降水量

    Figure  1.   Mean temperature and precipitation at the test site in 2018 to 2019

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  2   不同处理对产量及其构成因素路径分析

    注：**—P<0.01；虚线表示影响不显著。

    Figure  2.   Path analysis of yield and its components under different treatments

    Note: **—P<0.01. Dashed lines indicate no significant effect

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  3   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米氮、磷、钾积累量

    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。R1—吐丝期；PM—生理成熟期。D—密度；K—施钾量；D×K表示密度和施钾量间的交互作用；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。柱上不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著。帽子代表不同密度间差异显著性；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05。

    Figure  3.   Accumulation of N, P and K under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. R1—Silking stage; PM—Physiological maturity. D—Density; K—K treatments; D×K indicate the interaction between density and K rate; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01. Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level. The cap represent the significant difference among different densities; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  4   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米吐丝前后地上部氮磷钾积累量占整株氮磷钾积累量的比例

    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。V3—三叶苗期；R1—吐丝期；PM—生理成熟期。柱中不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著。

    Figure  4.   Proportions of above-ground N, P and K accumulation in the whole plant before and after silking stage of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. V3—Vegetative third leaf; R1—Silking stage; PM—Physiological maturity. Different lowercase letters in the bars mean significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  5   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米钾素利用率

    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。D—密度；K—施钾量；D×K表示密度和施钾量间的交互作用；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。柱上不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著。帽子代表不同密度间差异显著性；*—P<0.05

    Figure  5.   Potassium utilization efficiency of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    Note: REK—K recovery efficiency; AEK—K agronomic efficiency; PEPK—K partial factor productivity. D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. D—Density; K—K treatments; D×K indicate the interaction between density and K rate; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01. Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level. The cap represents the significant difference among different densities; *—P<0.05

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    表  1   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米产量与构成因素

    Table  1   Maize yield and its components under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    处理
    Treatment    		20182019
    产量
    Yield
    (kg/hm2)    		穗数
    Ears
    (No./hm2)    		穗粒数
    Grain number
    per ear    		千粒重 (g)
    1000-grain weight    		产量
    Yield
    (kg/hm2)    		穗数
    Ears
    (No./hm2)    		穗粒数
    Grain number
    per ear    		千粒重 (g)
    1000-grain weight
    D1K09875 c59000 a580.8 c326.6 c9605 c59500 a577.9 c320.0 c
    K110879 b58500 a603.9 b341.8 b10554 b58500 a592.4 b334.1 b
    K211295 a59500 a614.5 a351.2 a11015 a59500 a617.9 a341.1 a
    K311396 a59000 a618.4 a350.5 a11072 a59750 a620.0 a343.9 a
    K411465 a59750 a620.6 a350.6 a11162 a59750 a619.9 a344.1 a
    平均 Average10982 59150 607.6344.110682 59400 605.6336.6
    D2K010819 d74000 a507.3 d324.1 c10613 d74000 a486.3 d311.1 c
    K111520 c73500 a527.3 c333.0 b11206 c73500 a504.5 c321.9 b
    K212044 b74000 a548.2 b335.6 b11581 b74000 a517.9 b325.2 b
    K312494 a74000 a562.5 a339.0 a12048 a74000 a531.2 a331.6 a
    K412533 a73750 a565.0 a340.9 a12192 a73750 a532.9 a333.0 a
    平均 Average11882 73850 542.1334.611528 73850 514.6324.6
    D3K010099 d88500 a426.5 d305.5 d10019 d89250 a409.2 d305.5 d
    K110887 c87000 a438.9 c317.3 c10693 c89000 a431.0 c314.3 c
    K211347 b86250 a452.6 b324.7 b11054 b88250 a442.1 b319.7 b
    K311815 a85500 a466.7 a333.5 a11545 a87500 a453.9 a327.2 a
    K412017 a87250 a467.4 a333.8 a11665 a89250 a451.3 a327.9 a
    平均 Average11233 86900 450.4323.010995 88650 437.5318.9
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)****************
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*ns****ns***
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level. ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米生产效益(yuan/hm2)

    Table  2   Benefit of maize production as affected by plant density and potassium application rate

    处理
    Treatment    		20182019
    总收入
    Gross income    		肥料支出
    Fertilizer cost    		种子支出
    Seed cost    		其他支出
    Other cost    		净收入
    Net income    		总收入
    Gross income    		肥料支出
    Fertilizer cost    		种子支出
    Seed cost    		其他支出
    Other cost    		净收入
    Net income
    D1K015998 c1580 e720290010798 c15560 c1580 e720290010360 c
    K117623 b1830 d720290012173 b17097 b1830 d720290011647 b
    K218299 a1955 c720290012724 a17844 a1955 c720290012269 a
    K318461 a2080 b720290012761 a17936 a2080 b720290012236 a
    K418574 a2205 a720290012749 a18083 a2205 a720290012258 a
    平均 Average17791 1930 720290012241 17304 1930 720290011754
    D2K017527 d1580 e900290012147 d17193 d1580 e900290011813 d
    K118662 c1830 d900290013032 c18154 c1830 d900290012524 c
    K219512 b1955 c900290013757 b18761 b1955 c900290013006 b
    K320241 a2080 b900290014361 a19518 a2080 b900290013638 a
    K420304 a2205 a900290014299 a19751 a2205 a900290013746 a
    平均 Average19249 1930 900290013519 18675 1930 900290012945
    D3K016360 d1580 e1080290010800 d16231 d1580 e1080290010671 d
    K117636 c1830 d1080290011826 c17323 c1830 d1080290011513 c
    K218383 b1955 c1080290012448 b17908 b1955 c1080290011973 b
    K319141 a2080 b1080290013081 a18703 a2080 b1080290012643 a
    K419468 a2205 a1080290013283 a18898 a2205 a1080290012713 a
    平均 Average18198 1930 1080290012288 17813 1930 1080290011903
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**ns******ns****
    施钾量 K rate (K)****ns******ns**
    D×K*nsns**nsns*
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。玉米 1.62 元/kg，N 4.78 元/kg，P2O5 5.87 元/kg，K2O 4.17 元/kg，种子36 元/kg；其他支出包括机械、滴灌设备、农药和水电费等费用等。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著； ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. Maize 1.62 yuan/kg, N 4.78 yuan/kg, P2O5 5.87 yuan/kg, K2O 4.17 yuan/kg, seed 36 yuan/kg; other costs include machinery, drip irrigation equipment, pesticides and utilities. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米氮素转运

    Table  3   Nitrogen translocation of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    密度
    Density    		钾处理
    K treatment    		20182019
    氮素转运量
    NT
    (kg/hm2)    		氮素转运率
    NTE
    (%)    		氮素转运贡献率
    NTCRV
    (%)    		氮素积累贡献率
    NACRV
    (%)    		氮素转运量
    NT
    (kg/hm2)    		氮素转运率
    NTE
    (%)    		氮素转运贡献率
    NTCRV
    (%)    		氮素积累贡献率
    NACRV
    (%)
    D1K052.8 c45.6 a48.5 a51.5 c51.0 c45.4 a47.6 a52.4 c
    K156.6 b46.3 a47.0 b53.0 b55.7 b46.3 a45.7 b54.3 b
    K259.8 a47.0 a44.9 c55.1 a58.1 a46.5 a44.2 c55.8 a
    K360.1 a46.8 a45.2 c54.8 a58.5 a46.1 a44.3 c55.7 a
    K461.1 a46.9 a45.2 c54.8 a58.6 a45.9 a43.9 c56.1 a
    平均
    Average    		58.146.546.253.856.446.045.154.9
    D2K058.4 d47.2 a51.2 a48.8 d56.3 c48.1 a49.5 a50.5 c
    K162.5 c48.5 a49.8 b50.2 c59.3 b47.6 a47.4 b52.6 b
    K263.6 b47.3 a47.2 c52.8 b62.2 b48.1 a47.1 b52.9 b
    K367.1 a48.1 a45.9 d54.1 a64.3 a47.5 a45.8 c54.2 a
    K467.7 a48.1 a46.0 d54.0 a64.0 a46.7 a45.7 c54.3 a
    平均
    Average    		63.947.848.052.061.247.647.152.9
    D3K054.7 d46.4 a50.1 a49.9 c54.7 d47.3 a48.7 a51.3 c
    K157.0 c45.7 a48.5 b51.5 b57.6 c47.1 a46.6 b53.4 b
    K260.3 b46.3 a47.9 b52.1 b59.6 b47.6 a46.5 b53.5 b
    K364.6 a48.1 a46.3 c53.7 a62.3 a47.2 a44.9 c55.1 a
    K464.8 a48.0 a46.5 c53.5 a63.9 a47.8 a44.8 c55.2 a
    平均
    Average    		60.346.947.952.159.647.446.353.7
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**nsnsns**nsnsns
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*nsnsns*nsnsns
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。NT—氮素转运量；NTE—氮素转运率；NTCRV—氮素转运贡献率；NACRV—氮素积累贡献率。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. NT—N translocation; NTE—N translocation efficiency; NTCRV—N translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ; NACRV—N accumulation conversion rate of vegetative organ. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米磷素转运

    Table  4   Phosphorus translocation of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    密度
    Density    		钾处理
    K treatment    		20182019
    磷素转运量
    PT
    (kg/hm2)    		磷素转运率
    PTE
    (%)    		磷素转运贡献率
    PTCRV
    (%)    		磷素积累贡献率
    PACRV
    (%)    		磷素转运量
    PT
    (kg/hm2)    		磷素转运率
    PTE
    (%)    		磷素转运贡献率
    PTCRV
    (%)    		磷素积累贡献率
    PACRV
    (%)
    D1K010.0 c75.1 a57.5 a42.5 c10.1 c74.4 a55.9 a44.1 c
    K111.0 b75.3 a55.8 b44.2 b10.7 b73.6 a54.4 b45.6 b
    K211.6 a73.7 a53.4 c46.6 a11.5 a74.0 a52.6 c47.4 a
    K311.7 a73.8 a53.7 c46.3 a11.7 a73.7 a52.7 c47.3 a
    K411.9 a73.7 a53.6 c46.4 a11.8 a73.7 a52.8 c47.2 a
    平均
    Average    		11.274.354.845.211.273.953.746.3
    D2K010.7 d74.0 a57.0 a43.0 c11.1 d74.1 a56.6 a43.4 c
    K111.3 c70.9 a55.1 b44.9 b11.9 c73.8 a54.3 b45.7 b
    K212.2 b71.8 a54.8 b45.2 b12.4 b72.8 a53.4 b46.6 b
    K313.2 a73.7 a53.1 c46.9 a13.2 a73.0 a51.7 c48.3 a
    K413.4 a73.8 a53.3 c46.7 a13.3 a72.6 a51.8 c48.2 a
    平均
    Average    		12.272.854.745.312.473.353.646.4
    D3K010.6 d75.1 a57.5 a42.5 c10.4 d75.5 a56.7 a43.3 c
    K111.0 c72.0 a54.7 b45.3 b11.1 c74.2 a54.0 b46.0 b
    K212.0 b73.4 a54.3 b45.7 b12.0 b74.8 a53.6 b46.4 b
    K312.9 a74.9 a52.4 c47.6 a12.6 a74.8 a52.1 c47.9 a
    K413.0 a73.7 a52.9 c47.1 a12.6 a74.5 a51.7 c48.3 a
    平均
    Average    		11.973.854.445.611.774.853.646.4
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**nsnsns**nsnsns
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*nsnsns*nsnsns
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2；K4—150 kg/hm2。PT—磷素转运量；PTE—磷素转运率；PTCRV—磷素转运贡献率；PACRV—磷素积累贡献率。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note：D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. PT—P translocation; PTE—P translocation efficiency; PTCRV—P translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ; PACRV—P accumulation conversion rate of vegetative organ. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 leve; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米钾素转运

    Table  5   Potassium translocation of maize under different plant densities and potassium application rates

    密度
    Density    		钾处理
    K treatment    		20182019
    钾素转运量
    KT
    (kg/hm2)    		钾素转运率
    KTE
    (%)    		钾素转运贡献率
    KTCRV
    (%)    		钾素积累贡献率
    KACRV
    (%)    		钾素转运量
    KT
    (kg/hm2)    		钾素转运率
    KTE
    (%)    		钾素转运贡献率
    KTCRV
    (%)    		钾素积累贡献率
    KACRV
    (%)
    D1K017.7 c16.4 a68.4 a31.6 c16.8 c13.9 a67.2 a32.8 c
    K119.6 b15.8 a66.3 b33.7 b18.6 b14.2 a65.4 b34.6 b
    K222.6 a16.0 a64.3 c35.7 a21.1 a15.3 a62.7 c37.3 a
    K323.6 a16.7 a64.2 c35.8 a21.9 a15.8 a63.4 c36.6 a
    K423.1 a16.2 a63.4 c36.6 a21.2 a15.2 a62.9 c37.1 a
    平均
    Average    		21.316.265.334.719.914.964.335.7
    D2K020.3 d16.2 a66.6 a33.4 c18.7 d14.5 a70.3 a29.7 c
    K123.2 c16.9 a64.4 b35.6 b20.3 c14.6 a65.1 b34.9 b
    K225.2 b16.8 a63.5 b36.5 b22.0 b15.2 a65.9 b34.1 b
    K327.0 a17.1 a61.0 c39.0 a23.8 a15.5 a62.3 c37.7 a
    K427.6 a17.3 a60.1 c39.9 a24.0 a15.6 a62.4 c37.6 a
    平均
    Average    		24.716.963.136.921.815.165.234.8
    D3K019.1 c16.3 a68.7 a31.3 c17.0 d13.7 a68.5 a31.5 c
    K122.1 b16.2 a66.0 b34.0 b19.2 c14.3 a65.1 b34.9 b
    K222.9 b16.2 a64.6 bc35.4 ab20.8 b14.7 a64.6 b35.4 b
    K325.3 a16.5 a63.8 c36.2 a22.4 a15.4 a62.5 c37.5 a
    K424.9 a17.1 a64.0 c36.0 a22.7 a15.5 a62.2 c37.8 a
    平均
    Average    		22.916.565.434.620.414.764.635.4
    方差分析 ANOVA
    密度 Density (D)**nsnsns**nsnsns
    施钾量 K rates (K)**ns******ns****
    D×K*nsnsns*nsnsns
    注：D1—60000 株/hm2；D2—75000 株/hm2；D3—90000 株/hm2。K0—0 kg/hm2；K1—60 kg/hm2；K2—90 kg/hm2；K3—120 kg/hm2。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一密度下不同施钾量处理间在0.05水平差异显著；ns—不显著；*—P<0.05；**—P<0.01。
    Note: D1—60000 plants/hm2; D2—75000 plants/hm2; D3—90000 plants/hm2. K0—0 kg/hm2; K1—60 kg/hm2; K2—90 kg/hm2; K3—120 kg/hm2; K4—150 kg/hm2. KT—K translocation; KTE—K translocation efficiency; KTCRV—K translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ; KACRV—K accumulation conversion rate of vegetative organ. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference among K application rates under the same density at the 0.05 level; ns—Not significant; *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6   玉米不同生育时期养分吸收与产量和养分积累总量的关系

    Table  6   The correlation of nutrient absorption with yield and total nutrient accumulation at different growth stages of maize

    指标
    Index    		氮素积累量
    N accumulation    		磷素积累量
    P accumulation    		钾素积累量
    K accumulation
    V3—R1R1—PMV3—R1R1—PMV3—R1R1—PM
    产量 Yield0.683**0.728**0.671**0.701**0.636**0.708**
    氮积累总量 Total N accumulation0.894**0.946**0.867**0.924**0.859**0.915**
    磷积累总量 Total P accumulation0.878**0.894**0.929**0.971**0.834**0.869**
    钾积累总量 Total K accumulation0.826**0.854**0.842**0.945**0.884**0.936**
    注：V3—三叶苗期；R1—吐丝期；PM—生理成熟期。**—P<0.01。
    Note: V3—Vegetative third leaf; R1—Silking stage; PM—Physiological maturity. **—P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2022-01-10
  • 录用日期:  2022-05-09
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-09-06
  • 刊出日期:  2022-10-24

目录

摘要
HTML全文

  • 1.   材料与方法

  • 1.1   试验地概况

  • 1.2   试验设计

  • 1.3   样品采集与测定

  • 1.3.1   养分积累与转运
  • 1.3.2   钾素利用率
  • 1.3.3   产量、产量构成因素与效益计算

  • 1.4   数据处理与分析

  • 2.   结果与分析

  • 2.1   玉米产量与产量构成因素及效益分析

  • 2.1.1   玉米产量与产量构成因素
  • 2.1.2   经济效益

  • 2.2   氮、磷、钾积累特征

  • 2.2.1   氮、磷、钾积累量
  • 2.2.2   玉米吐丝前后地上部氮磷钾分配比例

  • 2.3   氮、磷、钾转运特征

  • 2.4   钾素利用率

  • 2.5   不同种植密度和施钾量下玉米不同生育时期养分吸收与产量和养分积累总量的关系

  • 3.   讨论

  • 3.1   种植密度和施钾量对玉米产量的影响

  • 3.2   不同种植密度和施钾量对玉米养分吸收、分配和转运的影响

  • 3.3   不同种植密度和施钾量对玉米钾素利用率的影响

  • 4.   结论

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