• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

复种绿肥补偿减量施氮导致的小麦光合效能和产量损失

Compensation of photosynthesis indexes and yield loss of wheat caused by nitrogen reduction with multiple cropping green manures

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 探讨河西绿洲灌区复种不同绿肥对后茬减量施氮小麦产量性能的补偿效应，为小麦生产中绿肥替代部分化学氮肥提供理论依据。
    方法 裂区定位试验始于2018年，主区为小麦收获后复种箭筈豌豆混播毛叶苕子 (HCV)、复种箭筈豌豆 (CV)、复种油菜 (R) 和无复种绿肥 (F)；副区为3个施氮量，传统施氮量N 180 kg/hm2的100% (N180)、80% (N144)、60% (N108)。在2020和2021年小麦主要生育期，调查叶面积指数 (LAI)、光合势(LAD)、群体生长速率 (CGR) 与净同化率 (NAR)。小麦收获后测产，计算收获指数。
    结果 与对照 (FN180)相比，HCVN144处理2020、2021年小麦开花期至灌浆期的LAI提高了17.7%～31.1%，LAD提高了8.4%～9.1%，开花期至成熟期的CGR提高了33.3%～133.0%，开花期至灌浆期的NAR提高了21.2%～25.1%；2021年CVN144处理小麦苗期至灌浆期 (除孕穗期) 的LAI提高了10.5%～25.3%，2020和2021年的LAD提高了5.1%和7.3%，开花期至成熟期的CGR提高了55.4%～76.7%，开花期至灌浆期的NAR提高了22.5%～31.2%；2020年RN144处理小麦开花期的LAI提高了7.3%，2021年开花期至成熟期的CGR提高了22.0%～91.5%，两年LAD和NAR无显著差异；两年HCVN108、CVN108处理的LAI、LAD和NAR以及拔节期至成熟期的CGR与FN180处理无显著差异；与FN180处理相比，RN108处理两年的LAI无显著差异，2021年LAD降低了4.9%，孕穗期至开花期的CGR降低了15.0%，苗期至拔节期的NAR降低了20.4%，2020年相关指标无显著差异。与对照 (FN180) 相比，2020与2021年HCVN144处理小麦籽粒产量分别提高了13.7%和36.1%，CVN144处理小麦产量分别提高了9.4%和28.4%；而RN144处理小麦产量2020年较FN180降低5.0%，2021年二者无显著差异；HCVN108、CVN108处理的小麦籽粒产量2020年显著降低，2021年降幅不显著，RN108处理两年产量均显著低于FN180。HCVN144和CVN144处理2021年的收获指数较FN180分别提高了16.9%和14.0%，RN144处理两年收获指数无显著差异；两年HCVN108、CVN108处理的收获指数与FN180处理无显著差异，RN108处理2021年收获指数降低了6.9%。
    结论 复种箭筈豌豆混播毛叶苕子或复种箭筈豌豆可增加小麦生育前期和后期的叶面积指数以及总光合势，提高开花期至灌浆期的群体生长速率和净同化率，补偿减氮造成的小麦光合效能损失，提高收获指数，保证小麦稳产甚至提高小麦产量。复种油菜不能补偿减氮带来的小麦产量损失。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives A study was conducted on the compensation effect of different green manures on the yield performance of wheat under reduced nitrogen (N) application in the Hexi Oasis irrigated area. We aimed to provide a theoretical basis for establishing green manure to replace a part of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat production.
    Methods A split-plot field experiment began in 2018; cropping pattern multi-cropped mixed common vetch and hairy vetch (HCV), multi-cropped common vetch (CV), multi-cropped rapeseed (R) after wheat harvest, and no green manure (F) was the main-plot treatment. N application rate the local traditional N application 100% (180 kg/hm2, N180), 80% (N144), and 60% (N108) was the sub-plot treatment. We investigated the leaf area index (LAI), total leaf area duration (LAD), crop population growth rate (CGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) during the wheat growing period (2020–2021). The yield and harvest index of wheat were measured after harvest.
    Results Compared to the control (FN180), the LAI of HCVN144 increased by 17.7%–31.1% from the flowering to the filling stage. LAD increased by 8.4%–9.1%, CGR increased by 33.3%–133.0% from the flowering to the maturity stage, and NAR increased by 21.2%–25.1% from the flowering to grain filling stage, compared to FN180. In 2021, the LAI of CVN144 (except for the booting stage) increased by 10.5%–25.3% from the seedling to grain filling stage. In 2020 and 2021, LAD increased by 5.1% and 7.3%, CGR increased by 55.4%–76.7% from the flowering to maturity stage, and NAR increased by 22.5%–31.2% from the flowering to grain filling stage. At the flowering stage of RN144, LAI increased by 7.3% in 2020, CGR increased by 22.0%–91.5% from flowering to maturity stage in 2021, LAD and NAR were not significantly different (P>0.05) in 2020 and 2021. The LAI, LAD, and CGR values from jointing to maturity stage and NAR of HCVN108 and CVN108 were not significantly different (P>0.05) from FN180 for the two years. Compared to FN180, the LAI of RN108 was not significantly different (P>0.05) for the two years. In 2021, the LAD reduced by 4.9%, and CGR declined by 15.0% from booting to flowering. Also, the NAR decreased by 20.4% from the seedling to the jointing stage. The LAD, CGR, and NAR of RN108 were not significantly different (P>0.05) in 2020. Compared to the control (FN180), the grain yield of HCVN144 (P<0.05) was improved by 13.7% and 36.1%, and the grain yield of CVN144 (P>0.05) was improved by 9.4% and 28.4% respectively in 2020 and 2021. The grain yield of RN144 was reduced by 5.0% compared to FN180 in 2020, but no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in 2021. The grain yield of HCVN108 and CVN108 was significantly lower than FN180 in 2020 but not significantly (P>0.05) decreased in 2021. The 2-year grain yield of RN108 was lower than FN180. The harvest index of HCVN144 and CVN144 (P<0.05) increased by 16.9% and 14.0% compared to FN180 in 2021, and there was no significant difference in 2020. The harvest indexes of HCVN108 and CVN108 were not significantly different compared to FN180 in two years. The harvest index of RN108 was reduced by 6.9% in 2021.
    Conclusion The planting pattern of multi-cropped common vetch mixed with hairy vetch or multi-cropped common vetch after wheat harvest, increased LAI and LAD of wheat in the early and late growth stages. It also improved CGR and NAR from flowering to the grain filling stage. The loss of photosynthesis indexes in wheat caused by N reduction was compensated, stabilized, and consequently increased wheat yield. Planting rapeseed after harvesting wheat did not compensate for the grain yield loss due to N reduction.

     

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