• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

关中土区冬小麦–夏玉米体系磷肥减施增效技术研究

Techniques to reduce P application rate and improve its efficiency in winter wheat-summer maize system on Eum-Orthic Anthrosols in Guanzhong area

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 比较磷肥减施结合调控措施的效果，为合理施用磷肥，提高磷肥利用率，实现区域粮食作物高产高效和绿色发展提供支撑。
    方法 冬小麦–夏玉米体系田间试验在陕西关中地区土上进行了3年。共设5个处理：不施磷肥(CK)，推荐施磷量撒施(RP)，减施15%推荐施磷量条施(85%RP)，以秸秆包裹磷肥条施(St85%RP)，85%RP结合硫酸铵替代尿素(Am85%RP)。于作物收获期测定小麦和玉米产量、磷肥效率、土壤磷库和作物菌根侵染率。
    结果 与CK相比，除85%RP处理小麦籽粒产量没有显著提高，其他施磷处理可显著提高玉米籽粒总产量(增幅17.1%～32.6%)、小麦籽粒总产量(增幅8.9%～12.8%)以及玉米小麦总产量(增幅13.1%～22.5%)。除85%RP处理2018年玉米籽粒和2020年小麦籽粒产量显著低于RP处理外，其余减磷处理均与RP处理没有显著差异。与RP处理相比，85%RP、St85%RP和Am85%RP处理均显著提高了磷素回收率、表观利用率和偏生产力；与85%RP处理相比，St85%RP处理显著提高了磷肥利用率，而Am85%RP处理则提高不显著。与CK相比，所有施磷处理均显著提高了土壤有效磷和微生物量磷含量。与RP处理相比，85%RP处理的土壤有效磷和微生物量磷显著下降，但St85%RP与Am85%RP处理的土壤有效磷无显著差异，St85%RP处理的土壤微生物量磷和水溶态磷含量甚至有显著提高。RP处理的土壤磷表观平衡略有盈余且最接近于平衡，而所有减施15%磷肥处理均表现为亏缺。与RP处理相比，减磷结合调控措施显著提高了小麦根系的菌根侵染率。
    结论 当前陕西关中冬小麦–夏玉米作物体系中，在推荐施磷量下减少15%的磷肥投入会造成土壤磷表观亏缺和减产的风险。采用以秸秆包裹磷肥或者用硫酸铵替代尿素的方法，可提高土壤有效磷、微生物量磷含量，提高小麦根系菌根侵染率，进而提高小麦对磷的吸收利用，在提高磷肥利用率的同时避免减磷带来的减产风险，甚至提高作物产量和磷肥效率，是两种高效的磷肥减施增效调控技术。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives We studied the possibility of decreasing phosphorus (P) fertilizer application rate and improving its efficiency.
    Methods The treatments included no P application (CK), recommended P application rate (RP), 15% off RP (85%RP), straw-wrapped P fertilizer application at 85%RP (St85%RP), and 85%RP plus substituting urea with ammonium sulfate (Am85%RP). P fertilizer was broadcast in the RP treatment, and band application was adopted for the other treatments. The crop yield, P fertilizer efficiency, soil P pool, and crop mycorrhizal infection rate were investigated.
    Results Compared with CK, all the other treatments except 85%RP significantly increased maize (17.1%−32.6%) and wheat (8.9%−12.8%) grain yields (P<0.05) , and the total yield of maize and wheat (13.1%−22.5%). Compared with RP, P reduction treatments occasionally decreased crop yields, e.g. the maize yield in 2018 and the wheat yield in 2020 under 85%RP. 85%RP, St85%RP, and Am85%RP had (P<0.05) higher P recovery rate, apparent use efficiency, and partial factor productivity than RP. Further, St85%RP recorded significantly higher P efficiencies than 85%RP. Compared with CK, P application (P<0.05) increased the soil available phosphorus (AP) and the microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) contents. The soil AP and MBP under 85%RP were (P<0.05) lower than RP. St85%RP and Am85%RP did not decrease the soil AP. St85%RP (P<0.05) increased the MBP and the water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) contents. The apparent soil P balance under RP was slightly surplus and was closer to being balanced, while P reduction treatments recorded deficits. Compared with RP, St85%RP and Am85%RP improved the mycorrhizal infection rate of wheat roots.
    Conclusions In the winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in Guanzhong, a reduction of 15% phosphate input under the recommended P application rate causes a deficit in the apparent soil phosphorus balance, increasing the risk of yield reduction. Reducing 15% of P fertilizer with straw-wrapped P fertilizer or replacing urea with ammonium sulfate could improve available soil P, microbial biomass P, and the mycorrhizal infection rates of wheat roots, thus improving P absorption and utilization in wheat. In addition to improving P fertilizer utilization efficiency, yield reduction risk caused by P reduction was minimized, which improved crop yield. This indicates that the two treatments are highly efficient regulation techniques for improving P fertilizer efficiency.

     

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