• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

包膜与稳定性氮肥改善棕壤理化和生物学肥力并延缓酸化的效应

Coated and stable nitrogen fertilizers improve physico-chemical and biological quality and delay acidification in brown soil

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 包膜和稳定性尿素肥料的氮素释放及其在土壤中的转化、残留特征不同于普通尿素，本研究评价了长期施用包膜和稳定性尿素肥料对土壤相关性质的影响。
    方法 不同包膜和稳定性尿素肥料的定位试验始于2007年。将脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(N)、氢醌(H)和硝化抑制剂 3，4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DM)、双氰胺(D)按常用添加量添加到大颗粒尿素中制备6种稳定性尿素，供试包膜尿素肥料包括树脂包膜尿素(PCU)和硫包衣尿素(SCU)。试验共9个处理，具体为普通大颗粒尿素(U)、H+U、N+U、D+U、DM+U、H+D+U、N+DM+U、SCU和PCU。于2021年收获期采集0—20 cm耕层土样，分析了土壤基本理化性质指标及与氮转化相关的酶活性及土壤微生物量碳、氮含量。
    结果 与试验前(2007年)土壤相比，施用包膜和稳定性尿素增加了棕壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷以及速效钾含量，有机质增幅达34%～48%，以SCU和U处理的全氮含量最高，为1.26 g/kg，增幅为88%。稳定性尿素处理的土壤pH较常规尿素处理有所提高，其中DM+U处理的土壤pH最高(5.83)，较U处理升高了10%，以SCU处理的pH最低(4.87)，较U处理的降幅为8%，土壤酸化严重。长期施用包膜与稳定性尿素不同程度地提高了土壤微生物量碳含量，DM+U处理还显著提高了土壤微生物量氮含量。H+U处理抑制了棕壤脲酶活性，硫包衣与树脂包膜尿素则显著激发了脲酶活性。施用包膜与稳定性尿素均增强了棕壤硝化作用潜势与硝化作用，除N+DM+U处理外，包膜与稳定性尿素肥料提高了硝酸还原酶活性。
    结论 长期施用包膜与稳定性尿素不同程度地提高了棕壤微生物量，稳定性尿素肥料的长期施用能够有效延缓棕壤酸化，包膜尿素则显著增加了棕壤中全氮和速效氮含量，减少了尿素氮素损失，但硫包衣尿素会导致棕壤pH下降迅速，酸化严重。因此，硫包衣尿素不宜长期在旱田棕壤中施用，而树脂包膜尿素与稳定性尿素均可长期用于棕壤的玉米栽培。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective Coated and stable nitrogen fertilizers have different release characteristics of N in soil. We studied their effects on soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities related to nitrogen conversion, to evaluate their influence in long-term application.
    Methods The long-term experiment was established in 2007 in Shenyang Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station. Urease inhibitor (N-butyl thiophosphate-triamine, N), hydroquinone (H), nitrification inhibitor (3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphonate, DM), dicyandiamide (D) were added into urea to make products. Coated urea were polymer-coated urea (PCU) and sulfur-coated urea (SCU). A total of 9 treatments were set up in the test: urea (U), H+U, N+U, D+U, DM+U, H+D+U, N+DM+U, SCU, PCU. Soil samples from 0−20 cm depth were collected in 2021 to analyze the physical and chemical properties, activities of soil nitrogen conversion-related enzymes, and soil microbial biomass C and N content.
    Results Compared with the soil before test (2007), the long-term application of stable urea and coated urea increased the organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available P, and available K in brown soil, the organic matter increased by 34%–48%, the highest total N was recorded in SCU and U treatments (1.26 g/kg); stable urea treatments recorded higher soil pH, with the highest pH in DM+U treatment (5.83), while SCU treatment, with soil pH 4.87, decreased soil pH by 8%, leading to serious soil acidification. Coated or stable urea increased soil microbial biomass carbon to varying degrees, and DM proved to be suitable for microbial nitrogen fixation. H+U had the strongest inhibition effect on urease activity, and two coated urea treatments significantly stimulated urease activity. The coated release-stable urea enhanced nitrification potential activity and nitrification of brown soil, improved nitrate reductase activity, except N+DM+U treatment.
    Conclusions The application of stable/coated urea improves brown soil fertility and soil microbial quantity. Except sulfur-coated urea, all the other stable/coated urea effectively delay the acidification of brown soil, reduce the loss of urea N, so are suitable for long-term application in dry brown soil.

     

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