• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

长期翻压绿肥河西绿洲灌区小麦的化肥减施潜力

Potentials of chemical fertilizer reduction for wheat production in Hexi oasis irrigation area under long-term application of green manure

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 研究长期翻压绿肥条件下减施化肥对小麦产量稳定性以及地力贡献的影响，为甘肃省河西绿洲灌区高效施肥和可持续发展提供理论依据。
    方法 2009—2020年在河西绿洲灌区开展了12年的定位试验，供试作物为春小麦。试验处理包括不施肥对照(CK)、100%化肥(CF)以及翻压绿肥后化肥分别减量0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、100%。根据历年小麦产量，计算累积增产率、产量可持续性指数和变异系数；构建一元灰色线性模型，计算不同施肥长期趋势产量；计算累积土壤地力贡献率以及不同处理累积肥料贡献率。
    结果 随着试验年限延长，除减施100%化肥处理外，各翻压绿肥处理肥料对小麦产量的累积贡献率均呈现增加的趋势，且处理间肥料对产量的贡献率无显著差异，2020年均达到60%左右。不施肥处理(CK)土壤地力对小麦产量的累积贡献率不断下降，从2009年的57.41%下降至2020年的34.24%。翻压绿肥基础上化肥减量40%以内，小麦12年平均产量高于100%化肥处理(CF)。一元灰色线性模型显示化肥减量40%以内，小麦产量变异系数随着化肥减施量的升高而不断升高，产量可持续指数则不断下降。化肥减量40%处理的小麦产量于第9年开始低于CF处理。化肥减施量(x)与小麦产量(y)的回归方程为：y=−0.292x2+11.917x+6667.34，达到理论最高产量的化肥减施比例为20.41%。相关性分析发现，不同施肥处理通过影响株高、穗长、小穗数以及穗粒数影响产量。
    结论 在翻压绿肥30000 kg/hm2基础上，将农民习惯化肥施用量减少20%～30%，不仅可以提高小麦的产量，维持长期高产趋势，还可以提升土壤地力对小麦产量的贡献率，因而是甘肃农业可持续发展的有效措施。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives We studied the effects of decreasing different ratios of chemical fertilizer on yield stability of wheat, and the changes in soil fertility contribution to crop yield under long-term application of green manure, to provide a scientific basis for the efficient and sustainable development of wheat production in Hexi oasis irrigation area in Gansu Province of China.
    Methods Field experiments were conducted consecutively for 12 years in Hexi oasis irrigation area from 2009 to 2020, the tested crop was spring wheat. The experimental treatments were composed of no fertilizer (CK), 100% chemical fertilizer (CF), and reducing the chemical fertilizer rate by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 100% respectively at the base of applying green manure 30000 kg/hm2 per year. The cumulative yield, sustainable yield index (SYI) and its coefficient of variation (CV) were investigated. A grey linear model was used to quantitatively analyze the dynamics of yield and soil fertility contribution rate to yield under green manure application.
    Results As the experiment progressed, the cumulative contribution rate of fertilizer to wheat yield exhibited an increasing trend under green manure application except for 100% reduction of fertilizer application, and there was no significant difference between treatments in the contribution rate of fertilizer to wheat yield, reaching about 60% in 2020. The cumulative soil fertility contribution rate of CK decreased from 57.41% in 2009 to 34.24% in 2020. Reducing less than 40% of chemical fertilizer did not decrease the average yield of entire 12 years, compared to 100% chemical fertilizer treatment (CF). However, higher chemical fertilizer reduction rate exhibited rising yield CVs and declining SYIs. The grey linear model revealed that the yield dynamics of chemical fertilizer reduction less than 40% was significantly higher than CF treatment. The 40% fertilizer reduction treatment recorded lower yield than CF from the ninth experimental year. Wheat yield (y) and chemical fertilizer reduction rate (x) had the regression relationship of y=−0.292x2+11.917x+6667.34, with the theoretical maximum yield at the reduction rate of 20.41%. The yield was mainly correlated positively with plant height, spike length, fertile spikelet number, and grain number per spike.
    Conclusions On the basis of continuous application of green manure at 30000 kg/hm2 per year, reducing 20%～30% of local chemical fertilizer input will increase wheat yield, enhance the yield stability, and the soil fertility contribution to yield, that will increase the chemical fertilizer efficiency and the sustainability of wheat production in Hexi oasis area of Gansu.

     

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