• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

灌溉量对冬小麦耗水量、旗叶衰老及产量的影响

Effects of irrigation amount on water-use efficiency, flag leaf senescence, and grain yield of winter wheat

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 研究生育期土壤水分调控灌溉对小麦产量形成的调控效应，为山东省小麦节水高产高效栽培提供技术支撑和理论依据。
    方法 于2016—2018年冬小麦生长季，在山东省济宁市开展田间试验，设置3个土壤水分调控灌溉处理：全生育期不灌水(W1)，小麦拔节期和开花期将0—40 cm土层含水量补灌为田间持水量的70% (W2)、90% (W3)。测定不同水分调控灌溉条件下小麦日耗水量、耗水模型系数(WSMC)和旗叶衰老指标，收获期测定籽粒产量。
    结果 与W1相比，W2处理小麦两年平均开花期至成熟期阶段耗水量、日耗水量和耗水模系数分别提高23.95%、23.92%和13.61%，W3处理分别提高25.15%、25.17%和4.58%，W2和W3处理阶段耗水量、日耗水量无显著差异，而W2处理的耗水模系数显著高于W3处理。W2和W3处理的开花后旗叶超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量无显著差异，但均显著高于W1处理。W2和W3处理两年平均营养器官13C同化物在开花后向籽粒的转运量较W1处理分别提高21.68%和5.94%，W2处理显著高于W3处理。W2处理的籽粒生长素含量显著高于W3处理，W3处理又显著高于W1处理；W2和W3处理的籽粒脱落酸含量显著低于W1处理，W2处理显著高于W3处理；W2和W3处理的籽粒玉米素核苷含量显著高于W1处理，但这两处理间无显著差异。W2处理通过提高穗粒数和千粒重显著提高了籽粒产量，2016—2017和2017—2018年W2处理小麦两年平均籽粒产量比W1和W3处理分别提高29.72%和6.14%，两年平均水分利用效率分别提高18.88%和16.47%。
    结论 小麦拔节期和开花期将0—40 cm土层含水量补灌到田间持水量的70% (W2)，可显著提高开花期至成熟期小麦阶段耗水量，延缓叶片衰老，促进营养器官中13C同化物向籽粒的转运，调节籽粒内源激素平衡，增加穗粒数和千粒重，籽粒产量和水分利用效率最高，是该地区小麦生产有效的水分管理方式。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives We studied the wheat yield formation, water-use efficiency and characteristics of flag leaves of winter wheat under different irrigation amounts to provide a basis for water-saving and efficient cultivation techniques for wheat production in Shandong Province.
    Methods A winter wheat field experiment was conducted in Jining, Shandong Province from 2016 to 2018. The irrigation treatments included no irrigation during the whole growth period (W1), and irrigating the soil moisture in 0−40 cm layer to 70% (W2) and 90% (W3) of field water capacity at the jointing and anthesis stages of wheat. The daily water consumption, water consumption model coefficient (WSMC) and flag leaf senescence index were analyzed, and the grain yield were investigated at harvest.
    Results Compared with W1, W2 treatment had 23.95%, 23.92%, and 13.61% higher water consumption, daily water consumption, and WSMC, while W3 had 25.15%, 25.17%, 4.58% higher values, respectively. There was no significant difference between W2 and W3 treatments in daily and periodical water consumption, but W2 treatment had significantly higher WSMC than W3. W2 and W3 treatments had similar superoxide dismutase activity and soluble protein content in flag leaves, which were significantly higher than those of W1 treatment. Compared with W1, W2 and W3 treatments had 21.68% and 5.94% higher 13C assimilates translocated from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis. The grain auxin content in W2 was significantly higher than that in W3, and that in W3 was significantly higher than that in W1. The grain abscisic acid contents of W2 and W3 treatments were significantly lower than that of W1 treatment, but W2 treatment was significantly higher than that of W3 treatment. The grain zeatin nucleoside contents of W2 and W3 treatments were similar and both were significantly higher than that of W1. W2 treatment significantly improved grain yield by increasing the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight. In 2016−2017 and 2017−2018, W2 treatment increased wheat grain yield by 29.72% and 6.14%, compared with W1 and W3 treatments, respectively. In 2016−2017 and 2017−2018, W2 treatment increased water-use efficiency by 18.88% and 16.47%, compared with W1 and W3 treatments, respectively.
    Conclusions At the jointing and anthesis stages of wheat, irrigating soil moisture to 70% of the field water capacity (W2) in 0−40 cm soil layer could delay leaf senescence, promote the transport of 13C assimilates from vegetative organs to grains, regulate the balance of endogenous hormones in grains, increase the number of grains per spike and 1000 grain weight, and consequently enhance water use efficiency and grain yield. It is an effective way of water management for wheat production in the region

     

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