• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

施肥管理措施对潮土和红壤作物氮素利用效率与病虫害发生的影响

Effects of fertilizer managements on crops nitrogen use efficiency and disease incidence in fluvo-aquic and red soils

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 秸秆还田、生物炭和硝化抑制剂等措施常用来配合氮肥减施，以避免减氮对作物产量可能产生的影响。研究长期不同氮肥管理措施对作物产量、氮素利用率以及病虫害的影响，为潮土和红壤地区氮肥管理措施优化和病虫害防治提供参考依据。
    方法 在河南许昌潮土和云南曲靖红壤上开展田间定位试验，设置不施氮肥对照(CK)，常规施氮肥(N)，减氮20% (80%N)，以及减氮20%的基础上配合秸秆还田(80%NS)、添加硝化抑制剂(80%NI)、种植翻压冬季绿肥(80%NGM)、喷施固氮菌剂(80%Nkle)、同时施用生物炭和秸秆还田(80%NBS)、同时施用生物质炭和硝化抑制剂(80%NBI)处理。通过观测玉米和大麦(小麦)的生产力、氮肥利用和玉米螟、大斑病发生情况，探讨不同氮肥管理措施的实施效果。
    结果 与常规施氮肥处理(N)相比，80%NBS和80%NBI处理显著提高了曲靖红壤表层土壤有机质和全碳含量，其他处理对土壤基本理化性质没有显著影响；80%N处理显著降低了许昌作物产量，而80%NS、80%NI和80%Nkle维持了作物产量，氮素利用效率显著提升了21%～34%，土壤氮盈余降低了33%～42%。同样，80%N、80%NS、80%Nkle、80%NBS、80%NBI处理均可以保障曲靖的作物稳产，并使氮肥利用率提升约29.4%，氮盈余显著降低约31.1%。许昌样地玉米螟的虫害较为严重，且玉米螟蛀孔数和玉米产量、吸氮量有显著的正相关关系。80%NGM处理降低了曲靖样地玉米螟虫害，并显著提高了玉米生产力。 80%NS处理显著增加了许昌样地的大斑病病情指数；在曲靖样地中大斑病病情较为严重，且大斑病病情指数与玉米吸氮量、茎叶氮含量、土壤全氮含量等指标呈显著的负相关关系。
    结论 在许昌潮土和曲靖红壤上，在减少20%氮肥用量的基础上配合施用硝化抑制剂、生物质炭、固氮菌剂等措施，可以实现作物的稳产增产，提升氮肥利用率，降低氮盈余量。秸秆还田显著提高了许昌潮土玉米大斑病病情指数，而绿肥轮作则使曲靖红壤的玉米螟蛀孔数降低，并显著提高玉米生产力。因此，养分循环利用方式与病虫害发生的关系还有待进一步研究。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives This study investigated the effects of N management practices on crops productivity, N utilization efficiency and disease incidence of maize.
    Methods Five consecutive years of field trials were conducted in fluvo-aquic soil of Xuchang City (XC) of Hennan Province, and red soil of Qujing City (QJ) of Yunnan Province since 2016, respectively. The nine treatments included: no N control (CK), conventional N fertilizer rate (N), reducing 20% of conventional N input (80%N), and the combination of 80%N with straw return (80%NS), nitrification inhibitor (80%NI), green manure (80%NGM), asymbiotic N2-fixing bacteria Klebsiella variicola inoculant (80%Nkle), biochar + straw return (80%NBS), biochar + nitrification inhibitor (80%NBI). The productivity and N utilization of crops were measured in each season, and maize fungal disease index (leaf blight) and insect pest corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) were monitored since 2018.
    Results Compared with N treatment, 80%NBS and 80%NBI significantly increased soil organic matter and total carbon in red soil of QJ, the other treatments had no significant effect on soil physicochemical properties of the two experimental sites. In XC, 80%N significantly decreased the crops productivity, while 80%NI and 80%NKle maintained crop productivity and increased N use efficiency by 21%−34%, and reduced N surplus by 33%−42% simultaneously. In QJ, 80%N did not cause crop yield decrease, but increased the N use efficiency (NUE) by 29.4% and reduced N surplus by 31.1% simultaneously. Generally, corn borer is more serious in XC than in QJ, the pest incidence in XC (P<0.05) was positively correlated with the maize yield and total N uptake. 80%NGM treatment significantly decreased the occurrence of corn borer in QJ. 80%NS treatment significantly increased the disease index of maize leaf blight in XC. The leaf blight disease in QJ was serious, and the disease index was (P<0.05) negatively correlated with plant N uptake, stem and leaf N contents, and soil total N.
    Conclusions In XC and QJ, reducing 20% of conventional N fertilizer and combined with application of nitrification inhibitors, biochar or diazotroph inoculant is effective in maintaining crop yield and NUE, and decreasing soil nitrogen surplus. Straw return might increase the disease incidence of leaf blight in XC, while green manure incorporation could decrease corn borer holes and enhance corn yield in QJ. Further studies need to conducted for the relationship of nutrient cycling managements with the occurrence pf pest disease.

     

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