• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

松嫩平原水稻高产高效氮肥运筹模式研究

Nitrogen fertilizer management for high yield and high efficiency of rice in the Songnen Plain

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 明确控释尿素运筹对松嫩平原水稻产量、氮素利用效率及土壤氮素供应的影响，旨在为该区域水稻制定科学合理的控释尿素高效运筹模式提供依据。
    方法 于2021—2022年在吉林省松原市，以水稻品种东稻3为试验材料，在总氮量200 kg/hm2条件下，设置不施氮肥对照 (N0)、普通尿素农户施用(FP) 和优化施用 (OPT)，以及4个控释尿素基施与普通尿素分蘖肥配施比例处理 (CRU40%、CRU60%、CRU80%和CRU100%)。于水稻主要生育时期调查植株生物量、氮含量和土壤无机氮含量，并于成熟期测定产量及其构成因素，计算作物氮积累量、氮素利用率和土壤−作物系统氮素平衡状况。
    结果 与FP处理相比，4个控释尿素处理均显著提高了水稻齐穗期至成熟期植株氮积累量、齐穗后植株氮素积累分配比例和齐穗后氮素积累对籽粒贡献率，以CRU80%处理提升幅度最高；控释尿素各处理在稳定结实率和千粒重的同时，显著提高了水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数，提高了水稻产量和净收益 (P<0.05)。4个控释肥处理中，以CRU80%处理产量和净收入最高，2年平均产量比CRU40%、CRU60%和CRU100%处理分别提高8.0%、2.9%、4.8%，净收益分别提高13.7%、4.8%和7.9%。CRU80%处理与OPT处理产量和净收益水平相当，而其他3个控释肥处理产量和净收益显著低于OPT处理。与FP处理相比，其他施肥处理氮素回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均显著提高，以CRU80%和OPT处理最高。土壤−作物系统氮素平衡状况表明，氮素表观损失量以CRU80%处理最低，较CRU40%、CRU60%和CRU100%处理分别降低了16.6%、8.8%和8.0%，并与OPT处理相近。路径分析结果表明，齐穗前后水稻植株氮积累量均对水稻产量影响显著，主要是通过影响水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率而影响产量。而齐穗后氮素积累对水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率的影响均高于齐穗前氮素积累。
    结论 在松嫩平原水稻产区，采用80%控释尿素基施+20%普通尿素分蘖肥运筹模式，或者采用优化的普通尿素施肥方案，可以显著提升水稻产量、收益和氮素利用效率，降低氮素损失量。由于氮肥优化模式施肥劳力投入多，应优先考虑80%控释尿素基施配合20%普通尿素一次追施的管理模式。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives The effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRU) management on rice yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and soil N supply in the Songnen Plain were investigated, in order to provide a basis for scientific and efficient CRU management of rice in this region.
    Methods Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 in Songyuan City of Jilin Province, using rice cultivar Dongdao 3 as the test materials. Under the total N rate of 200 kg/hm2, no N application (N0), multiple urea topdressing (OPT), and conventional urea fertilization (FP) were taken as controls, CRU basal application plus common urea (CU) topdressing in N ratio of 4:6, 6:4, 8:2 and 10:0 were setup (denoted as CRU40%, CRU60%, CRU80% and CRU100%, in turn). Plant biomass, N content and soil inorganic N content were analyzed during the main growth period of rice. The yield and yield components were investigated at harvest. And N uptake, N use efficiency and N balance in soil-crop system were calculated.
    Results Compared with FP treatment, all the fertilizer treatments increased plant N accumulation from full heading to mature stage, plant N accumulation and allocation ratio after full heading stage, and the contribution rate of N accumulation to grain after full heading stage of rice (P<0.05), and CRU80% and OPT were recorded similar but higher values than the other treatments. All the CRU and OPT treatments stabilized seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight, and increased effective panicle number, grain number per panicle than FP, thereby significantly increased rice yields and net incomes (P<0.05), and CRU80% and OPT increased significantly yield and net incomes than the other treatments as well. The two year average yield of CRU80% was 8.0%, 2.9%, and 4.8% higher than CRU40%, CRU60% and CRU100%, and the average net income was 13.7%, 4.8%, and 7.9% higher, respectively. CRU80% and OPT were also recorded the highest N recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity. N balance in soil-crop system showed that the apparent N loss in CRU80% was similar to that in OPT, but was 16.6%, 8.8% and 8.0% lower than those in CRU40%, CRU60% and CRU100% treatments, respectively. The path analysis results showed that plant N accumulation before and after full heading stage significantly affected on rice yield through affecting effective panicle number, grain number per panicle, and seed-setting rate of rice, the effects of N accumulation after the full heading stage were higher than those before the full heading stage.
    Conclusions In the rice production region of Songnen Plain, basal application of 80% CRU combined with 20% CU topdressing as tillering fertilizer, or optimized application of common urea (multiple application) could significantly increase rice yield, net income and N use efficiency, and reduce N loss. Considering the high labor input by common urea, controlled release fertilizer is recommended.

     

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