• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

优化氮肥管理提高滨海盐渍土春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益研究

Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer management to improve yield, N use efficiency and profit of spring maize in coastal saline soil

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 研究基于根层氮素实时调控技术的氮肥综合管理措施对滨海盐渍土春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响，旨在提高滨海盐渍土区域春玉米生产效益，降低氮肥带来的环境风险。
    方法 田间定位试验于2020—2022年在山东省东营市进行，以‘郑单958’为供试春玉米品种。采用双因素设计，主处理设置5个供氮水平，分别为不施氮对照(CK)、基于根层氮素实时调控技术的优化施氮(Opt)、优化施氮下调(Opt70%)、优化施氮上调(Opt130%)、农民习惯施氮(FNP)；副处理为3种氮肥，分别为硫酸铵(AS)、硝酸铵钙(CAN)、尿素(Urea)。于春玉米六叶期(V6)、抽雄期(VT)、成熟期(R6)测定地上部生物量，收获时测定籽粒产量、籽粒和秸秆含氮量。播种前和收获后，取0—90 cm土层土壤样品，分析无机氮含量。计算春玉米种植体系中氮素表观平衡、氮肥农学利用率(AEN)、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和施氮经济效益。
    结果 Opt处理下2020、2021和2022年3种氮肥处理的平均产量较Opt70%处理下分别显著增加8.5%、4.1%和12.7%，2020年显著高于Opt130%，2021和2022年与Opt130%持平，2020、2021和2022年PFPN分别较Opt130%显著增加了33.3%～50.9%、2.6%～21.4%、15.1%～23.2% (P<0.05)。与FNP处理相比，Opt处理氮肥总施用量降低了30.7%～46.4%，作物吸氮量、生物量和产量无显著差异，而2020、2021和2022年PFPN分别显著增加了90.6%～115.0%、38.9%～49.8%和52.4%～60.7%，总收益增加了22.8%。Opt氮肥用量下，2020和2021年3种氮肥处理的籽粒产量无显著差异，2022年CAN处理的籽粒产量显著高于Urea处理，与AS处理无显著差异；CAN处理的PFPN较Urea和AS处理分别显著增加了14.3%～17.2%和9.8%～14.6% (P<0.05)， AEN较AS处理显著增加8.9%～18.9% (P<0.05)；CAN处理的表观氮损失较AS和Urea处理分别降低10.3%和11.0%，但其3年平均产量收益低于AS处理18.5%。
    结论 基于根层氮素实时调控技术，在玉米需氮量大的六叶期和抽雄期优化氮肥管理，可以在减少氮肥施用量的同时维持作物产量和生物量，提高氮肥利用率，降低土壤无机氮残留和表观氮素损失，其施氮效益显著高于农户传统施氮。综合考虑春玉米产量、生物量、氮肥利用率、氮素表观平衡、施氮效益等因素，在滨海盐渍土区域采用以10 t/hm2为目标产量的根层氮素实时调控技术，同时施用150～194 kg/hm2的硫酸铵，可以实现春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和经济效益的协同提高。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives We tested the availability of optimizing N fertilizer management based on in-season root N management (IRNM), to improve the efficiency of maize production and reduce the environmental risks caused by N fertilizers in coastal saline soil.
    Methods The field positioning trail with split plot design was carried out in Dongying City, Shandong Province from 2020 to 2022, and Zhengdan 958 was used as the test variety. The main treatment was N rate, namely: no N input control (CK), optimized N application rate (Opt) based on IRNM, and 70% and 130% of the optimized N application (Opt70%, Opt130%), and farmers’ N application practice (FNP). The sub-treatment was three N fertilizers, namely: ammonium sulfate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea (Urea). The aboveground biomass was measured at the six-leaf stage (V6), tasseling stage (VT) and mature stage (R6) of spring maize, and the grain yield, grain and straw N content were determined at harvest. Before sowing and after harvesting maize, 0−90 cm soil depth samples were taken to analyze the inorganic N content. The apparent N balance, agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AEN), partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and economic benefits of N application in spring maize planting system were calculated.
    Results Opt treatment was recorded 8.5%, 4.1% and 12.7% higher grain yield than Opt70% in 2020, 2021 and 2022 (P<0.05). Compred with Opt130%, Opt treatment significantly increased grain yield in 2020, and maintained similar grain yield and biomass in 2021 and 2022, thereby increased PFPN by 33.3%−50.9%, 2.6%−21.4%, 15.1%−23.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with FNP, Opt treatment decreased the total N application rate by 30.7%−46.4% while maintained similar N uptake, biomass and yield, thus enhanced the average PFPN significantly by 90.6%−115%, 38.9%−49.8%, 52.4%−60.7%, the total income by 22.8%. Under Opt treatment, applying the three nitrogen fertilizers harvested similar grain yield in 2020 and 2021, but applying CAN harvested significantly higher yield than urea, and similar yield with AS in 2022. CAN under Opt increased the PFPN by 14.3%−17.2% and 9.8%−14.6% higher than AS and Urea, increased AEN by 8.9%−18.9% higher than AS, reduced apparent N loss by 10.3% and 11.0% compared with AS and Urea, respectively. However, the three-year average N application efficiency of CAN was 18.5% lower than that of AS treatment.
    Conclusions Optimized N application based on IRNM could precisely meet the large N demand at six-leaf and tasseling stage of maize, thereby maintain maize yield and biomass in low fertilization rate, improve N use efficiency, reduce soil residual Nmin and apparent N loss. Under optimized N application rate, ammoniam sulfate should be selected as the highest benefit of maize production and relatively cheap price. Targeting maize yield of 10 t/hm2, the application of 150−194 kg/hm2 ammonium sulfate in IRNM technology is recommended for the synergistic increase of spring maize yield, N use efficiency and economic benefit in the coastal saline soil region.

     

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