• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

基于产量反应和农学效率的玉米智能化推荐施肥方法研究

Construction of intelligent fertilizer recommendation method for maize based on yield response and agronomic efficiency

  • 摘要:
    目的 玉米产量高,需肥量大,亟需在保证玉米产量前提下,通过科学施肥实现肥料减施增效。本文基于产量反应和农学效率大数据,建立并开展田间试验校验了玉米智能化推荐施肥方法。
    方法 以“玉米”、“玉米+产量”、“玉米+养分吸收”、“玉米+肥料利用率”为关键词及关键词组合,收集了来自于国际植物营养研究所中国项目部、团队研究以及公开发表的多年多点玉米田间肥料试验数据,采用QUEFTS模型分析玉米养分吸收特征,优化施肥下玉米产量反应,农学效率和相对产量等农学参数,构建玉米养分专家系统。于2010—2019年在玉米主产区开展了803个田间校验试验,每个试验包括6个处理:基于玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、土壤测试施肥(ST)以及基于NE处理的不施氮、不施磷和不施钾处理。调查了施肥量、玉米产量、经济效益和肥料利用率。
    结果 依据QUEFTS模型分析,生产1 t籽粒,地上部氮、磷和钾养分需求量春玉米分别为15.9、4.1和13.8 kg,夏玉米分别为17.8、4.0和15.8 kg;玉米主产区氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应春玉米分别为2.9、1.5和1.4 t/hm2,夏玉米分别为1.9、1.1和1.1 t/hm2;氮、磷和钾肥平均农学效率春玉米分别为15.0、18.9和16.1 kg/kg,夏玉米分别为10.8、16.8和12.3 kg/kg;土壤氮、磷和钾养分对产量的贡献率春玉米分别为73%、86%和87%,夏玉米分别为79%、87%和88%。田间校验结果显示,与FP和ST处理相比,NE处理分别减施氮肥用量29.3%和14.3%,减施磷肥用量17.3%和7.5%;增加玉米产量0.4和0.1 t/hm2,提高经济效益797和354元/hm2;提高氮肥利用回收率10.6和3.8个百分点,提高农学效率4.6和2.0 kg/kg;提高磷肥回收利用率8.0和3.1个百分点,提高农学效率6.5和1.5 kg/kg;提高钾肥回收利用率9.6和3.4个百分点,提高农学效率0.8和0.3 kg/kg。
    结论 经过验证,利用基于产量反应和农学效率大数据建立的玉米养分专家系统进行施肥推荐,较基于土壤测试的推荐施肥方法节省了肥料用量,提高了玉米产量、经济效益和养分利用率,是适合我国国情的玉米轻简高效推荐施肥方法。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Maize production is characterized by high yield and intensive fertilizer input, requires scientific fertilizer recommendation for high yield as well as fertilizer use efficiency and profit. We constructed an intelligent fertilizer recommendation method for maize based on large number of yield response and agronomic efficiency data, and carried out field experiments to calibrate and verify the availability of the recommendation.
    Methods The data were collected by searching key worlds/phrases “maize”, “maize + yield”, “maize + nutrient uptake”, and “maize + fertilizer use efficiency” from the multi-year/point maize field fertilizer experiments,including those supported by International Plant Nutrient Institute (IPNI) China Program, carried out by our research group, and published in the relevant articles. The QUEFTS model was used to analyze the nutrient uptake characteristics, yield response under optimized fertilization, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and the intrinsic relationships among the indices, to build the Nutrient Expert (NE) system for maize. Totally 803 field experiments were conducted in the maize producing areas around China from 2010 to 2019 to validate and calibrate the precision of the NE system. All the field experiment composed of six fertilization treatments: recommendation based on NE (NE), farmers’ practices (FP), conventional recommendation based on soil testing (ST), and omission N, omission P and omission K treatments based on NE. Fertilizer application rate, maize yield, economic benefit, fertilizer use efficiency were investigated.
    Results Based on QUEFTS model analysis, the aboveground N, P and K nutrient requirements to produce 1 ton of grain yield were 15.9, 4.1 and 13.8 kg for spring maize and 17.8, 4.0 and 15.8 kg for summer maize, respectively. The average yield responses to N, P and K fertilizer were 2.9, 1.5 and 1.4 t/hm2 for spring maize and 1.9, 1.1 and 1.1 t/hm2 for summer maize. The agronomic efficiencies of N, P and K fertilizer were 15.0, 18.9 and 16.1 kg/kg for spring maize and 10.8, 16.8 and 12.3 kg/kg for summer maize, respectively. The soil N, P and K contribution to yield reached 73%, 86% and 87% for spring maize, and 79%, 87% and 88% for summer maize, respectively. The field validation results showed that, the NE treatment applied 29.3% and 14.3% less N fertilizer, 17.3% and 7.5% less P fertilizer than FP and ST treatments, but increased yield by 0.4 and 0.1 t/hm2, net profit by 797 and 354 yuan/hm2, N recovery use efficiency by 10.6 and 3.8 percentage points, and agronomic efficiency by 4.6 and 2.0 kg/kg; increased P recovery use efficiency by 8.0 and 3.1 percentage points, and agronomic efficiency by 6.5 and 1.5 kg/kg; increased K recovery use efficiency by 9.6 and 3.4 percentage points, and agronomic efficiency by 0.8 and 0.3 kg/kg, respectively.
    Conclusions The Nutrient Expert for maize exhibited obviously higher fertilizer reduction and benefit enhancement effect than the conventional soil testing recommendation method, indicating its operability and availability as a simple and precise fertilizer recommendation method in maize production around China.

     

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