• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

长期水稻秸秆及生物炭还田替代等养分量化肥对寒地水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

Effects of continuous replacing equal amount of chemical fertilizer nutrients with rice straw and straw biochar on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in cold region

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 秸秆还田是改善土壤质量、提高作物生产力和减少化肥用量的重要措施之一。探讨水稻秸秆或秸秆生物炭替代部分化肥对寒地水稻生长、产量和氮肥利用率的影响，为寒地水稻秸秆资源优化管理提供理论依据。
    方法 位于沈阳农业大学的水稻秸秆生物炭长期定位试验始于2013年，在等氮磷钾施用量下，设置5个处理：单施氮磷钾化肥处理(NPK)及低量生物炭(1.5 t/hm2，LB)、高量生物炭(3.0 t/hm2，HB)、低量秸秆(4.5 t/hm2，LS)、高量秸秆(9.0 t/hm2，HS)分别替代等养分量化肥处理。调查水稻主要生育期的生长动态指标(茎蘖数、叶绿素含量和株高)，测定籽粒产量及其构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重)，并计算水稻氮肥偏生产力。
    结果 低量LB和LS处理的水稻分蘖数显著高于对应的高量HB和HS处理，整个分蘖期平均提高27.1%，且在分蘖末期，LB处理的分蘖数显著高于LS处理(13.9%)。在水稻分蘖期，低量LB和LS处理的叶绿素含量(CCI值)、株高显著高于对应的高量HB和HS处理，CCI值和株高分别平均提高25.7%和10.4%，且LB处理CCI值和株高均高于LS处理，分别提高了9.9%和5.9%。然而，从拔节期到成熟期，LS处理的CCI值和株高均高于LB处理，分别平均增加11.5%和4.0%。LB和LS处理的水稻籽粒产量分别较NPK处理显著提高了6.5%和6.2%，HS处理产量与NPK处理无显著差异，HB处理较NPK处理显著降低了20.3%。LB、LS和HS处理的氮肥偏生产力分别显著高于NPK处理11.7%、26.7%和49.0%，而HB处理显著低于NPK处理11.7%。相关性分析结果表明，与NPK处理相比，LB处理产量增加主要是由于提高了水稻分蘖数(25.2%)、有效穗数(2.1%)和结实率(0.8%)，LS处理则主要是由于提高了株高(5.2%)和千粒重(2.7%)。
    结论 连续多年施用低量秸秆或低量生物炭替代等量养分的化肥，可以促进寒地水稻分蘖和生长，提高籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力。连续高量秸秆替代等养分量化肥的增产潜力有限，但可以较大幅度地提高氮肥偏生产力，而高量生物炭替代等养分量化肥存在降低产量的风险。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Straw returning is one of the important measures to improve soil quality, crop productivity and reduce chemical fertilizer input simultaneously. We studied the growth, yield of rice and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency when replacing partial fertilizer with rice straw and straw biochar in the long run, to provide scientific support for the optimal management of rice straw resources.
    Methods The long-term field experiment, located in Shenyang Agricultural University, was established in 2013. The five treatments were: merely chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK), and replacing equal amount of chemical fertilizer nutrients with 1.5 t/hm2 rice straw biochar (low-input rate, LB), 3.0 t/hm2 rice straw biochar (high-input rate, HB), 4.5 t/hm2 rice straw (low-input rate, LS), and 9.0 t/hm2 rice straw (high-input rate, HS). The tiller number, chlorophyll content, plant height, grain yield and yield components of rice were investigated. The partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) were calculated.
    Results Compared with the high rate treatment, LB and LS treatment increased the total tiller number by 27.1% on average. And LB increased the tiller number by 13.9% than LS treatment at the end of tillering stage (P<0.05). At the tillering stage, the chlorophyll content (CCI) and plant height of LB and LS treatment were significantly higher than those of HB and HS, with increases of 25.7% and 10.4%, respectively. The CCI and plant height in LB treatment were 9.9% and 5.9% higher than in LS treatment at tillering stage, however, the CCI and plant height in LS treatment were 11.5% and 4.0% higher than in LB treatment from the jointing to ripening stage. Compared with NPK treatment, LB and LS significantly increased grain yield by 6.5% and 6.2%, HS had similar grain yield, while HB significantly decreased grain yield by 20.3%. As a result, LB, LS and HS significantly improved PFPN by 11.7%, 26.7% and 49.0%, while HB decreased PFPN by 11.7%. According to the correlation analysis, the contribution to yield increase in LB treatment was contributed by tiller number (25.2%), effective spike number (2.1%), and seed-setting rate (0.8%); that in LS treatment was by plant height (5.2%), and 1000-grain weight (2.7%).
    Conclusions Continuous straw or biochar replacement of chemical fertilizer at low rate could stimulate the tillering and growth of rice plants, increase rice yield and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer. Replacing chemical fertilizer with high rate of straw could maintain rice yield and enhance the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer greatly, while high rate of biochar will bring about yield decline risk in the long run.

     

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