我国马铃薯施肥现状与减肥潜力

王西亚; 盛寅生; 何萍; 徐新朋; 曲晓晶; 周卫

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2023137

摘要:

目的合理施肥是保证马铃薯高产优质的重要措施，厘清我国马铃薯主产区施肥现状，以提高马铃薯科学施肥水平，助力我国化肥减量增效。

方法依托国家马铃薯产业技术体系，于2019—2021年期间在我国马铃薯主产区调查了1807个具有代表性的马铃薯种植地块，调查内容包括马铃薯产量、肥料种类、氮磷钾施用量和比例、施肥方法等信息。采用马铃薯养分专家推荐施肥系统，对不同区域的肥料减施潜力进行了评价。

结果全国马铃薯年均氮(N)、磷(P₂O₅)和钾(K₂O)肥料养分用量分别为252、219和224 kg/hm²，其中化肥投入量分别为187、164和175 kg/hm²，有机肥分别为65、56和48 kg/hm²，有机来源的N、P₂O₅ 和K₂O养分分别占总养分投入量的25.8%、25.6%和21.4%。复合肥是马铃薯生产中使用最多的肥料种类，化肥N、P₂O₅和K₂O 养分中分别有84.6%、95.7%和92.8%来自复合肥。畜禽粪肥是最主要的有机肥源，占有机肥总量的82.9%。与马铃薯养分专家系统推荐肥料用量相比，全国肥料养分减施潜力为47.0%，其中华北一季作区N、P₂O₅、K₂O减施潜力分别为17.8%、54.8%、55.2%；东北一季作区P₂O₅、K₂O减施潜力分别为64.6%、46.9%；西北一季作区N、P₂O₅、K₂O减施潜力分别为17.3%、47.7%、21.5%；西南一二季混作区N、P₂O₅、K₂O减施潜力分别为7.4%、51.6%、18.3%；南方冬作区N、P₂O₅、K₂O减施潜力分别为31.1%、69.7%、61.2%。

结论我国马铃薯肥料养分总用量普遍较高且施用比例不合理，有机肥养分所占比例偏低。采用马铃薯养分专家系统推荐施肥措施，可节约47.0%左右的肥料养分用量。

Abstract:

Objectives Reasonable fertilization is required for the high yield, quality and profit of potato production. We investigated the fertilization situation of the main potato production areas around China, and the localized potential of fertilizer reduction.

Methods A total of 1807 potato fields in the main potato producing areas were surveyed during 2019−2021 in China. The questionnaire included potato yield, fertilizer sources and ratios of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers, and the frequency of basal dressing and topdressing. The fertilizer nutrient reduction potential was evaluated using the fertilizer recommendation rate produced by Nutrient Expert (NE) system.

Results On average across China, the annual total N, P₂O₅ and K₂O input for potato was 252, 219, and 224 kg/hm², respectively. N 187 kg/hm², P₂O₅ 164 kg/hm² and K₂O 175 kg/hm² were from chemical fertilizer, and the left from organic fertilizer. The organic nutrients accounted for 25.8%, 25.6%, and 21.4% of the total N, P₂O₅ and K₂O inputs. Compound fertilizer was the main chemical fertilizer source in the surveyed potato fields, supplied 84.6%, 95.7% and 92.8% of chemical N, P₂O₅ and K₂O nutrients. And 82.9% of organic fertilizer was from livestock and poultry manure. Compared with the fertilizer rate recommended by NE system, the fertilizer nutrient reduction potential across China was about 47.0%, of which the N, P₂O₅, and K₂O reduction potential in the monocropping area of North China were 17.8%, 54.8%, and 55.2%; the P₂O₅ and K₂O reduction potential in the monocropping area of Northeast China were 64.6%, and 46.9%, respectively; the N, P₂O₅, and K₂O reduction potential in the monocropping area of Northwest China were 17.3%, 47.7%, and 21.5%, respectively. The reduction potential of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O were 7.4%, 51.6%, and 18.3% in the mono/two cropping area of Southwest China, and 31.1%, 69.7%, and 61.2% in winter season area of South China, respectively.

Conclusions The nutrient inputs in potato is generally high and unreasonable in nutrient ratios, particularly the low proportion of organic fertilizer nutrients. The promotion of the Nutrient Expert recommendation will save 47.0% of current fertilizer nutrient input in China, the reduction rate of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O nutrient is dependent on the cropping system, production areas, and fertilization method.

我国马铃薯施肥现状与减肥潜力

Current situation and reduction potential of potato fertilization in China