• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

地膜和秸秆覆盖提高春玉米产量与氮肥利用效率

Plastic film and straw mulching improve yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize

  • 摘要:
    目的 黄土高原东部河谷平原地区春玉米生产系统中水肥利用效率低下,为此研究不同地表覆盖措施对春玉米产量、氮素转运与利用效率以及经济效益的影响,为该地区春玉米高产高效提供科学管理措施。
    方法 基于山西省晋中市山西农业大学东阳试验示范基地的春玉米长期定位试验(该试验始于2014年),本研究选取无覆盖施肥(NM)、地膜覆盖施肥(FM)、秸秆覆盖施肥(SM)及无覆盖不施肥(CK) 4个处理,分析2021至2022年连续两年的春玉米不同生长阶段光合特性与干物质累积量的动态变化,调查春玉米产量、氮素吸收量、氮素转运效率、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益。
    结果 与NM处理相比,FM处理虽可提高春玉米花前叶绿素含量、叶面积指数及有效光能截获,但花后叶绿素含量与叶面积指数显著降低,光能截获能力减弱,2021年倒伏率超过70%,花后地上部氮素累积量显著降低45.41%,影响产量形成;而SM处理既可提高春玉米花前叶绿素含量、叶面积指数及有效光能截获,促进花前干物质与氮素累积,又可使花后光合特性维持在较高水平,促进地上部氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用效率。与NM处理相比,FM与SM处理玉米两年平均增产6.18%~15.26%;FM处理2022年地上部氮素吸收量、氮肥表观回收率、农学效率和偏生产力分别显著提高21.84%、31.59%、28.86%和16.18%,在2021年差异不显著;而SM处理2021和2022年均有显著提高,增幅分别为13.86%和25.54%、18.48%和36.92%、19.21%和33.86%、12.14%和18.99%。与FM处理相比,SM处理2021与2022年籽粒氮素吸收量分别显著提高27.89%和9.25%,两年平均籽粒氮素吸收量与氮肥表观回收率分别显著提高18.57%和15.58%,产量与经济效益分别显著提高8.55%和12.48%。
    结论 相比于地膜覆盖,秸秆覆盖可以更好地促进春玉米花前花后生长,降低植株倒伏风险,提高产量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益。秸秆覆盖还可为土壤提供额外氮素来源,避免地膜对农田生态环境造成的微塑料污染,因此,更适宜作为黄土高原东部河谷平原地区春玉米生产系统中水肥高效可持续利用的技术措施。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Water and fertilizer use efficiencies of spring maize production system are low in the valley plains of eastern Loess Plateau. For this reason, we studied the effects of different surface mulching measures on yield, nitrogen translocation efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of spring maize, in order to provide scientific management measures for high yield and high efficiency of spring maize production in this region.
    Methods The study was based on a long-term experiment started in 2014 in Dongyang Experimental Demonstration Base of Shanxi Agricultural University in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, with spring maize cultivar ‘Dafeng 30’ as test materials. The four treatments included fertilization without mulching (NM), with plastic film mulching (FM), with straw mulching (SM), and without mulching and fertilization control (CK). In 2021 and 2022, the photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of spring maize were measured at different growth stages, and the grain yield, and economic benefit were investigated at harvest.
    Results Compared to NM, FM treatment improved leaf chlorophyll content, area index, and effective light interception of spring maize at pre-silking periods, but significantly reduced them at the post-silking periods. FM treatment led to over 70% of lodging rate, and 45.41% lower shoot N accumulation at post-silking periods, impacting the yield formation in 2021. SM treatment improved leaf chlorophyll content, area index, and effective light interception across the whole growing period of maize, thus increased the dry matter and N accumulation at pre-silking periods, resulting high N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of maize. Compared with NM, FM and SM treatment increased grain yield by 6.18%−15.26%; FM treatment significantly increased the shoot N uptake, N recovery efficiency, agronomy efficiency and partial factor productivity by 21.84%, 31.59%, 28.86%, and 16.18% in 2022; SM treatment increased them by 13.86%, 18.48%, 19.21% and 12.14% in 2021, and 25.54%, 36.92%, 33.86% and 18.99% in 2022, respectively. Compared with FM, SM treatment increased grain N uptake by 27.89% and 9.25% in 2021 and 2022, the grain N uptake and N recovery efficiency by 18.57% and 15.58%, and increased yield and economic benefit by 8.55% and 12.48%, respectively.
    Conclusion Straw mulching performs better than plastic film mulching in coordinating the growth of pre- and post-silking stage, decreasing lodging rate, thereby improving nitrogen use efficiency, yield and economic benefit of spring maize. In addition, straw can provide additional nitrogen and carbon for soil, and has no risk of micro-plastics pollution. Therefore, straw mulching should be used to replace plastic film for the efficient utilization of water and fertilizer in the spring maize production in the valley plain of eastern Loess Plateau.

     

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