施磷对玉米/花生间作农田土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征和产量的影响

郁宁; 马任甜; 寇太记; 焦念元; 高佳凯

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2023568

施磷对玉米/花生间作农田土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征和产量的影响

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer on the stoichiometry of carbon nitrogen and phosphorus and yield in maize/peanut intercrop fields

摘要

摘要:
目的探讨施磷对玉米/花生间作农田土壤碳氮磷含量、储量、化学计量特征和产量的影响，为间作制度下的土壤养分管理和合理施肥提供理论依据。
方法 2010—2022年，在河南科技大学试验农场进行大田随机区组试验。试验处理由施磷(P₁₈₀，P₂O₅ 180 kg/hm²)和不施磷(P₀，P₂O₅ 0 kg/hm²) 两个磷水平，以及玉米单作(SM)、花生单作(SP)、玉米/花生间作(M/P) 3种种植方式组成。收获后，采样分析了0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤碳氮磷含量、储量、化学计量特征，收获期测定作物产量。
结果 3个种植方式处理的土壤碳、氮、磷含量有一定差异，施用磷肥较不施磷肥处理分别提高了土壤碳、氮、磷含量14.2%、11.3%、67.8%；分别提高了土壤碳、氮、磷储量10.9%、8.0%、63.3%。间作(M/P处理)玉米、花生总产量较单作均显著提高11.7%～112.0%，且施磷后的提高效果高于不施磷(P<0.01)。花生单作(SP)的土壤C/N分别显著低于间作(M/P)和玉米单作(SM) 8.8%和8.6%；间作(M/P)较花生单作(SP)和玉米单作(SM)分别显著提高了土壤C/P 10.8%和21.3%；间作(M/P)和花生单作(SP)较玉米单作(SM)分别显著提高了土壤N/P 14.4%和14.8%。与P₀相比，P₁₈₀显著降低了间作(M/P处理)土壤C/N 2.3%，分别显著降低了土壤C/P、N/P 31.6%、33.0%。施磷和种植方式对土壤碳氮磷含量、储量和化学计量特征以及作物产量产生显著或极显著的影响，土壤有机碳含量、储量和C/N之间呈正相关，土壤碳氮磷含量、储量与C/P、N/P之间呈负相关。
结论间作与施磷能提高养分供给与保储能力，改善土壤碳氮磷计量学特征，推广间作增施磷肥将有助于改善土壤质量，提高作物产量。

Abstract:
Objectives To investigate the effects of phosphorus application on the content, stock, stoichiometric characteristics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and yield in maize and peanut intercropping farmland, and to provide theoretical basis for soil nutrient management and rational fertilization under intercropping system.
Methods From 2010 to 2022, the field randomized area group experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Henan University of Science and Technology. The experimental treatment consisted of phosphorus (P₁₈₀, P₂O₅ 180 kg/hm²) and no phosphorus (P₀, P₂O₅ 0 kg/hm²), maize monoculture (SM), peanut monoculture (SP) and maize peanut intercropping (M/P), the soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content, stock, stoichiometric characteristics of 0−20 cm and 20−40 cm soil layers and crop yield were analyzed after crop harvest. Crop yield was measured at harvest.
Results There were some difference in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of the soil treated among the three planting methods, the contents of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were increased 14.2%, 11.3% and 67.8% by applying phosphorus fertilizer compared with the treatment without phosphorus fertilizer. The soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stock were increased by 10.9%, 8.0% and 63.3%. The total output of maize and peanut in intercropping (M/P treatment) increased by 11.7%−112.0% compared with that of single cropping, and the improvement effect of phosphorus application was higher than that of no phosphorus application (P<0.01). The soil C/N of peanut monoculture (SP) was significantly lower than that of intercropping (M/P) and maize monoculture (SM) by 8.8% and 8.6%. Intercropping (M/P) significantly increased soil C/P by 10.8% and 21.3% compared with peanut monoculture (SP) and maize monoculture (SM). Intercropping (M/P) and peanut monoculture (SP) significantly increased soil N/P by 14.4% and 14.8% compared with maize monoculture (SM). Compared with P₀, P₁₈₀ significantly reduced soil C/N in intercropping (M/P treatment) by 2.3%, and significantly reduced soil C/P, N/P by 31.6% and 33.0%. Phosphorus application and planting methods had significant or extremely significant effects on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content, stock and stoichiometric characteristics as well as crop yield. Soil organic carbon content, stock and C/N were positively correlated, while soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content and stock were negatively correlated with C/P and N/P.
Conclusions Intercropping and phosphorus application can improve the capacity of nutrient supply and storage preservation, improve the stoichiometry characteristics of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the promotion of intercropping and increasing phosphate fertilizer will help to improve soil quality and improve crop yield.

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