• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

旱地石灰性土壤长期施氮提高小麦籽粒中铁铜锌含量

高玉, 罗一诺, 薛欣, 张慕欣, 惠晓丽, 李小涵, 石美, 王朝辉

高玉, 罗一诺, 薛欣, 张慕欣, 惠晓丽, 李小涵, 石美, 王朝辉. 旱地石灰性土壤长期施氮提高小麦籽粒中铁铜锌含量[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2024, 30(8): 1490-1499. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2024070
引用本文: 高玉, 罗一诺, 薛欣, 张慕欣, 惠晓丽, 李小涵, 石美, 王朝辉. 旱地石灰性土壤长期施氮提高小麦籽粒中铁铜锌含量[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2024, 30(8): 1490-1499. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2024070
GAO Yu, LUO Yi-nuo, XUE Xin, ZHANG Mu-xin, HUI Xiao-li, LI Xiao-han, SHI Mei, WANG Zhao-hui. Long-term nitrogen application increases the content of Fe, Cu and Zn in wheat grains on calcareous soil in dry land[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2024, 30(8): 1490-1499. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2024070
Citation: GAO Yu, LUO Yi-nuo, XUE Xin, ZHANG Mu-xin, HUI Xiao-li, LI Xiao-han, SHI Mei, WANG Zhao-hui. Long-term nitrogen application increases the content of Fe, Cu and Zn in wheat grains on calcareous soil in dry land[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2024, 30(8): 1490-1499. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2024070

旱地石灰性土壤长期施氮提高小麦籽粒中铁铜锌含量

基金项目: 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项( CARS-3);国家重点研发计划项目( 2018YFD0200400)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    高玉 E-mail: 3179130634@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    王朝辉 E-mail: w-zhaohui@263.net

Long-term nitrogen application increases the content of Fe, Cu and Zn in wheat grains on calcareous soil in dry land

  • 摘要:
    目的 

    明确氮肥用量引起的小麦籽粒铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化及土壤作物营养机制,为优化氮肥管理,实现小麦优质丰产提供理论依据。

    方法 

    利用2004年在黄土高原南部陕西杨凌开始的氮肥用量长期定位试验,在施磷(P2O5) 100 kg/hm2的基础上,设0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2 5个氮水平,在2013—2016年3个小麦收获期采集小麦植株和土壤样品,测定各器官生物量、铁锰铜锌含量及土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量,采用回归分析方法分析施氮量、小麦籽粒产量和微量元素含量之间的关系,计算获得最高籽粒产量和铁锰铜锌含量及其收获指数的氮肥用量。

    结果 

    与不施氮相比,施氮提高了小麦产量和籽粒铁、铜、锌含量,降低了锰含量。籽粒铁含量与施氮量呈二元一次方程关系,小麦产量达最高(6116 kg/hm2)时的施氮量为212 kg/hm2,籽粒铁含量达最高(43.9 mg/kg)时施氮量为218 kg/hm2,铁收获指数最高时的施氮量为92 kg/hm2。锌铜含量及其收获指数均与施氮量呈线性关系,施氮量每增加100 kg/hm2,籽粒铜和锌含量分别提高0.4和3.5 mg/kg。籽粒锰含量与施氮量呈负线性加平台关系,施氮量为57 kg/hm2时,籽粒锰含量达最低37.5 mg/kg。与不施氮相比, 施氮处理耕层土壤有效锰含量提高7.8%,有效铁、铜、锌含量无显著变化,平均为5.9,1.3和0.54 mg/kg。

    结论 

    在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上,长期施用氮肥提高了冬小麦籽粒铁、铜、锌含量和吸收量,降低了锰含量和吸收量,主要归因于作物吸收量提高及铁向籽粒的分配增强,籽粒锰含量降低主要与产量提高引起的养分稀释效应有关。综合考虑产量和籽粒铁锰铜锌养分含量,该地区实现小麦高产目标5810 kg/hm2时,氮肥用量应为122 kg/hm2,在最高产量施氮量212 kg/hm2基础上可减施氮肥42%,此时籽粒铁、锰、铜、锌含量较高,分别为42.1、37.5、4.0和25.1 mg/kg。

    Abstract:
    Objectives 

    Understanding changes of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contents in wheat grains under different nitrogen application levels is of great significance in optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management and realizing high yield and quality of wheat in dryland area.

    Methods 

    The research was based on the long-term field experiment located in the south of the Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, and started since 2004. There were five N application rates in total, as 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg/hm2 on the basis of P2O5 100 kg/hm2. At wheat harvest season during 2013 to 2016, wheat plant samples were collected to determine the biomass, contents of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in different wheat organs, and soil samples were collected at the same time for determination of available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations. The relationship between grain Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents, yield, and nitrogen application rate was studied, and the optimal nitrogen application rate was proposed.

    Results 

    Compared with no N application, N fertilization increased grain yield and grain Fe, Cu and Zn content, but decreased Mn content. Regression analysis showed that the N rate was 212 kg/hm2 for the maximum grain yield of 6116 kg/hm2, 218 kg/hm2 for the maximum grain Fe concentration (43.9 mg/kg). Grain Cu and Zn contents had a linear relationship with N rate, and their contents would be increased by 0.4 and 3.5 mg/kg with every extra N application of 100 kg/hm2. The grain Mn content had a negative linear plus plateau relationship with N applying rate, the minimum Mn content (37.5 mg/kg) appeared at the N rate of 57 kg/hm2. N application increased soil available Mn concentration in 0−20 cm layer by 7.8%, did not change the available Fe, Cu and Zn concentration significantly.

    Conclusions 

    On calcareous soil in dryland of the Loess Plateau, N application could increase wheat grain Fe, Cu and Zn contents mainly due to the increased Fe, Cu and Zn uptake and Fe distribution from shoot to grains, while decrease grain Mn concentration due to the nutrient dilution effect caused by the increased grain yield. Comprehensively considering the yield and the grain Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents, the N fertilizer application rate 122 kg/hm2 is recommended for target wheat yield 5810 kg/hm2, and higher grain Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of 42.1, 37.5, 4.0 and 25.1 mg/kg.

  • 植物必需微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌也是人体健康必需的微量元素,缺乏会带来贫血、侏儒症等疾病[12]。全球约有1/3人口存在缺乏微量元素铁、锌等营养不良问题,主要集中在以谷类作物为主食的人群[34]。我国小麦种植面积和总产量分别占全球的11%和17%[5],小麦籽粒中锰平均含量为43 mg/kg,接近人体健康营养推荐值32~44 mg/kg[6]的上限,铁、铜、锌平均含量仅为43.8、4.6和31.4 mg/kg[6],远低于人体健康营养推荐值59、10与40~60 mg/kg[78]。因此,优化小麦籽粒微量营养元素含量对我国人民微量元素营养健康有重要意义 。

    生物强化是提高谷类作物微量矿质营养元素含量,改善人体营养的有效措施。在北京东北旺的田间试验结果表明,施氮量从0增加到130 kg/hm2时,小麦籽粒铁、铜、锌含量分别提高61%、50%和63%[9]。在河北沧州的田间试验结果表明,施氮157 kg/hm2时,小麦籽粒铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别显著增加8%、21%、23%和178%[10]。但施用氮肥并不总是表现为籽粒微量元素含量的提高,同样在河北沧州的田间试验表明,施用氮肥157 kg/hm2时小麦籽粒锰含量降低8%,铁含量无显著变化[11]。在陕西咸阳施用氮肥162 kg/hm2时,同样得到小麦籽粒锰含量降低10%,铁、铜、锌含量无显著变化的结果[12]

    氮肥用量增加会引起土壤酸化,增加土壤中铁、锰、铜、锌有效性,对作物养分吸收产生积极影响[13]。波兰棕壤盆栽试验结果发现,施氮130~170 mg/kg可使土壤有效锌、铁含量均增加3%,铜增加9%,锰增加12%[14]。土壤养分充足的情况下,施用氮肥能够促进植株根系对养分的吸收利用[15]。土耳其钙质粘壤土的盆栽试验证明,施氮量增加时,小麦根系对锌的吸收增加3倍[16]。安纳托利亚钙质粘土的盆栽试验显示,施用氮肥250 mg/kg,小麦铁和锌吸收量均提高了4倍[17]。黄淮冬麦区潮褐土上的田间试验表明,施氮不超过360 kg/hm2时,能促进小麦铁、铜和锌吸收,抑制锰吸收[18]

    关于施用氮肥对小麦籽粒及土壤微量元素的影响已有报道,但结果和结论存在差异,而且旱地石灰性土壤上的研究尤为缺乏。因此,本研究利用黄土高原石灰性土壤上开展的氮肥用量长期定位试验,分析小麦籽粒铁锰铜锌含量、吸收量、收获指数和土壤有效养分的变化,以期明确长期施用氮肥的条件下小麦籽粒铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化与其吸收转移和土壤养分供应的关系,为优化氮素管理,实现旱地小麦优质丰产提供理论依据。

    氮肥用量长期定位试验始于2004年10月,位于陕西杨陵西北农林科技大学农作一站(34°16′N, 108°04′E),地处黄土高原南部,海拔525 m,多年平均气温12.9℃ ,年均降水量550 mm,60%降水集中在7—9月,属于半湿润易旱地区。种植制度为冬小麦―夏休闲。试验区地势平坦,土壤类型为黄土母质发育而来的土垫旱耕人为土,土壤质地为中壤土。2004年试验开始前耕层土壤(0—20 cm) 基础肥力为:有机质13.8 g/kg,全氮1.1 g/kg (凯氏定氮法),硝态氮5.4 mg/kg (1 mol/L KCl浸提),铵态氮2.4 mg/kg (1 mol/L KCl浸提),速效磷15.0 mg/kg (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提),速效钾182.4 mg/kg (1 mol/L NH4OAc浸提),有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别为4.8、14.1、1.4、0.5 mg/kg (DTPA-TEA-CaCl2浸提),pH 8.3 (水土比2.5∶1)。

    长期定位试验采用单因素完全随机区组设计,每年肥料用量保持一致,在施磷(P2O5) 100 kg/hm2的基础上,设5个施氮水平,即0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2。氮肥为含氮 46%的尿素,磷肥为含P2O5 46%的重过磷酸钙,所有肥料均作为基肥在播种前撒施,然后旋耕使其与耕层土壤混匀。试验重复4次,小区面积 40 m2 (4 m×10 m)。选用的小麦品种为小偃22号,每年10月中旬播种,来年6月初收获,播量约为155 kg/hm2,播种深度为5 cm,行距为15 cm。田间管理与当地农户一致,整个生育期无灌水,使用除草剂和杀虫剂进行杂草和病虫害控制。

    在2013—2014、2014—2015、2015—2016年3个小麦收获期,每小区随机均匀选取100穗小麦植株,连根拔起后用不锈钢剪刀剪去根系,将地上部风干后脱粒,分为茎叶、颖壳(包含穗轴)和籽粒3部分。各器官取部分样品先用自来水、后用超纯水清洗,90℃烘30 min后65℃烘干至恒重,测定含水量,计算收获指数。烘干的植物样品用球磨仪(碳化钨研磨罐,MM400,德国)研磨,然后装入塑料自封袋保存。同时,每小区选取4个1 m × 1 m样方的小麦,进行人工收获,收获的样品风干后脱粒,称量籽粒重,随机称取部分籽粒,65℃烘干至恒重,测定含水量,计算产量和生物量。产量和生物量均以烘干重表示。小麦收获后,每个小区随机选取5个点,采集0—40 cm土壤,每10 cm为1层,同层样品混匀作为1个分析样品,自然风干后研磨,过1 mm尼龙筛,装入自封袋保存。

    研磨后的植物样品用浓HNO3和H2O2微波消解,电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS,美国)测定消解液中的铁锰铜锌含量。土壤样品用DTPA-CaCl2-TEA溶液浸提(pH 7.3),土水比1∶2,原子吸收分光光度计(日立Z-2000,日本) 测定浸提液中铁锰铜锌的含量。

    试验数据用Excel 2016处理,SAS 9.2统计分析。采用LSD最小显著差异法进行多重比较,显著性差异水平为5%,用SigmaPlot 10.0绘图。相关参数及计算公式如下:

    收获指数(%)=籽粒产量/(籽粒产量+茎叶生物量+颖壳生物量)×100

    养分吸收量(g/hm2)=各器官养分含量×各器官生物量/1000

    地上部养分吸收量(g/hm2)=籽粒养分吸收量+茎叶养分吸收量+颖壳养分吸收量

    养分收获指数(%)=籽粒养分吸收量/地上部养分吸收量 ×100

    从3年平均结果(图1)看,施用氮肥显著提高小麦产量、生物量和收获指数。回归分析结果表明,产量与施氮量呈二次回归关系,在施氮212 kg/hm2时达最大值6116 kg/hm2。施氮后小麦产量增幅为33.0%~38.1%。生物量与施氮量呈线性加平台关系,在施氮量为82 kg/hm2时,达到最大值12642 kg/hm2;收获指数与施氮量呈线性正相关关系,施氮量每增加100 kg/hm2时,收获指数提高1.3%, 在施氮320 kg/hm2时,收获指数最高,达48.6%。

    图  1  不同年份氮肥用量对冬小麦产量、生物量和收获指数的影响
    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05),***表示回归分析在0.001水平达到显著。
    Figure  1.  Winter wheat yield, biomass and harvest index affected by N fertilization rates in different years
    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). *** represents that regression equation is significant at 0.001 level.

    施用氮肥显著提高冬小麦籽粒铁、铜、锌含量,降低锰含量(图2)。回归分析显示,铁含量与施氮量呈二次回归关系,施氮218 kg/hm2时达到最大值43.9 mg/kg。铜、锌含量与施氮量呈线性正相关,施氮量每增加100 kg/hm2时,籽粒铜、锌含量分别提高0.4和3.5 mg/kg。锰含量与施氮量呈线性加平台关系,在施氮量57 kg/hm2时达到最小值37.5 mg/kg。

    图  2  不同年份氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒铁、锰、铜、锌含量的影响
    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***、**分别表示回归分析在0.001、0.01水平达到显著。
    Figure  2.  Iron, Manganese, Copper and Zinc concentrations in grains of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rates in different years
    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). ***, ** represent that regression equation is significant at 0.001, 0.01 level, respectively.

    从不同年份的测定结果看,施用氮肥对0—20 cm土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量无显著影响(表1),但3年的平均结果(表1)显示,长期施用氮肥320 kg/hm2时0—20 cm土层土壤有效锰含量较不施用氮肥处理显著提高7.8%,有效铁、铜、锌含量均无显著变化,其中0—20 cm土层土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量均高于20—40 cm土层。可见,氮肥施用可以显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤有效锰含量。

    表  1  不同氮肥用量下土壤有效铁、锰、铜和锌含量(mg/kg)
    Table  1.  Available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents in soil under different N application rates
    年份
    Year
    施氮量 (kg/hm2)
    N rate
    有效铁 Available Fe 有效锰 Available Mn 有效铜 Available Cu 有效锌 Available Zn
    0—20 cm 20—40 cm 0—20 cm 20—40 cm 0—20 cm 20—40 cm 0—20 cm 20—40 cm
    2014 0 5.40 a 5.43 b 9.33 a 7.43 c 1.24 a 1.23 bc 0.52 a 0.37 a
    80 5.58 a 5.80 a 9.17 a 8.08 ab 1.27 a 1.33 a 0.46 abc 0.38 a
    160 5.60 a 5.36 b 9.94 a 7.95 b 1.23 a 1.24 bc 0.51 a 0.33 a
    240 5.55 a 5.40 b 9.63 a 8.11 ab 1.23 a 1.21 c 0.44 ac 0.35 a
    320 5.76 a 5.34 b 10.26 a 8.68 a 1.26 a 1.26 b 0.51 ab 0.36 a
    均值 Mean 5.58 B 5.46 B 9.66 B 8.05 A 1.25 B 1.25 B 0.49 B 0.36 A
    2015 0 6.72 a 6.20 a 12.44 a 9.74 a 1.48 a 1.42 a 0.51 a 0.37 a
    80 6.53 a 6.20 a 12.33 a 8.02 c 1.49 a 1.40 a 0.52 a 0.29 b
    160 6.32 a 6.30 a 12.97 a 9.09 ab 1.47 a 1.43 a 0.53 a 0.33ab
    240 6.67 a 6.30 a 12.65 a 8.80 b 1.44 a 1.37 a 0.48 a 0.27 b
    320 6.31 a 6.32 a 13.55 a 8.91 b 1.43 a 1.39 a 0.54 a 0.29 b
    均值 Mean 6.51 A 6.26 A 12.79 A 8.91 A 1.46 A 1.40 A 0.51 AB 0.31 A
    2016 0 5.43 a 5.44 a 11.94 a 7.38 ab 1.34 a 1.29 a 0.62 a 0.33 a
    80 5.71 a 5.49 a 11.77 a 7.15 b 1.32 a 1.25 a 0.59 ab 0.36 a
    160 5.44 a 5.36 ab 12.32 a 7.47 ab 1.32 a 1.24 a 0.60 ab 0.35 a
    240 5.44 a 5.11 b 11.75 a 7.52 ab 1.30 a 1.25 a 0.54 b 0.31 a
    320 5.42 a 5.32 ab 12.51 a 7.95 a 1.35 a 1.26 a 0.66 a 0.29 a
    均值 Mean 5.49 B 5.34 B 12.06 A 7.49 A 1.32 B 1.26 B 0.60 A 0.33 A
    年际均值
    Average
    over 3 years
    0 5.85 a 5.69 ab 11.23 b 8.18 ab 1.35 a 1.31 ab 0.55 a 0.36 a
    80 5.94 a 5.83 a 11.09 b 7.75 b 1.36 a 1.33 a 0.52 ab 0.34 ab
    160 5.78 a 5.67 ab 11.74 ab 8.17 ab 1.34 a 1.30 ab 0.55 a 0.34 ab
    240 5.89 a 5.60 b 11.34 ab 8.14 ab 1.32 a 1.28 b 0.49 b 0.31 b
    320 5.83 a 5.66 ab 12.11 a 8.51 a 1.35 a 1.31 ab 0.57 a 0.31 ab
    FF-value
    年际 Year (Y) 22.34** 11.09** 17.80** 5.28* 17.35** 25.62** 12.39** 1.06
    处理 Treatment (T) 0.34   1.22   1.88 2.40 0.93 1.69 2.97* 1.45
    Y×T 0.92   1.18 0.07 2.44 0.51 1.57 0.31 0.96
    注:同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年份不同施氮处理的平均数差异显著 (P<0.05),不同大写字母表示年际间差异显著 (P<0.01)。*、**分别表示方差分析中因子的效应在0.05、0.01水平上达到显著。
    Note: Different lowercase letters after data in a column indicate significant differences among N rate treatments in the same year (P<0.05); different capital letters indicate significant differences among years (P<0.01). *, ** represent that the effect of the factor is significant at 0.05, 0.01 levels, respectively.
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    施用氮肥可以显著提高小麦籽粒与地上部铁吸收量和收获指数(图3)。籽粒、地上部铁吸收量与施氮量均呈线性加平台关系,分别在施氮量82、83 kg/hm2时达最大吸收量244.8、2187 g/hm2。地上部铁收获指数与施氮量也呈线性加平台关系,在施氮量92 kg/hm2时达最大值12.5%。施氮后小麦籽粒铁吸收量增幅为65.0%~73.8%。可见,施用氮肥能促进小麦铁吸收及向籽粒的分配。

    图  3  不同年份氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部铁吸收量和收获指数的影响
    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***、**表示回归分析在0.001、 0.01水平达到显著。
    Figure  3.  Iron accumulation in grain and above ground part and Fe harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rate in different years
    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). ***, ** represent that regression equation is significant at 0.001 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

    施用氮肥可以显著提高小麦籽粒和地上部锰吸收量,但对锰收获指数没有显著影响(图4)。籽粒和地上部锰吸收量均与施氮量呈线性加平台关系,分别在施氮量98和93 kg/hm2时达到最大值221.1和494.8 g/hm2,施氮后小麦籽粒锰吸收量增幅为20.2%~27.0%。锰收获指数没有显著变化,平均为46.2%。可见,施用氮肥可以促进小麦锰吸收,但对锰向籽粒的分配没有显著影响。

    图  4  不同年份不同氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部锰吸收量和收获指数的影响
    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***、**表示回归分析在0.001、0.01水平达到显著。
    Figure  4.  Manganese accumulation in grain and aboveground part and Mn harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rates in different years
    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). ***, ** represent that regression equation is significant at 0.001 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

    施用氮肥可以显著提高小麦籽粒与地上部铜吸收量(图5)。籽粒和地上部铜吸收量均与施氮量呈二次回归关系,分别在施氮量200和238 kg/hm2时达到最大值25.7和46.1 g/hm2;施氮后小麦籽粒铜吸收量增幅为72.9%~106.3%。施氮提高了铜收获指数,在施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,与对照相比差异显著。可见,施氮能够促进小麦铜吸收与向籽粒的分配。

    图  5  不同年份不同氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部铜吸收量和收获指数的影响
    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***表示回归分析在0.001水平达到显著。
    Figure  5.  Copper accumulation in grain and aboveground part and Cu harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization ratesin different years
    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). *** represents that regression equation is significant at 0.001 level.

    施用氮肥可以显著提高冬小麦籽粒锌和地上部锌吸收量(图6)。籽粒与地上部锌吸收量均与施氮量呈二次回归关系,在分别施氮286和293 kg/hm2时达到最大值177.7与240.4 g/hm2,施氮后小麦籽粒锌吸收量增幅为51.2%~106.1%。施氮提高了锌收获指数,在施氮量为160和240 kg/hm2时,与对照相比差异显著。可见,施氮能够促进小麦锌吸收与向籽粒的分配。

    图  6  不同年份不同氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部锌吸收量和收获指数的影响
    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***表示回归分析在0.001水平达到显著。
    Figure  6.  Zinc accumulation in grain and aboveground part and Zn harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rates in different years
    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). *** represents that regression equation is significant at 0.001 level.

    综合分析施氮量、土壤有效铁锰铜锌、籽粒铁锰铜锌与小麦产量的关系发现(图7),产量最大值为6116 kg/hm2时,对应的施氮量为212 kg/hm2,当产量为最高产量95%时,对应的施氮量为122 kg/hm2,此时产量为5814 kg/hm2,籽粒铁和锰含量分别为42.1和37.5 mg/kg,铜和锌含量分别为4.0和25.1 mg/kg。当超过这一施氮量时,产量增幅减小,籽粒铁锰含量不再增加,铜锌含量持续增加,在最高产量时,铁锰含量分别为43.9和37.5 mg/kg,铜锌含量分别为4.3和28.3 mg/kg。随施氮量增加,土壤有效锰含量增加,在施氮320 kg/hm2时达到最高,为12.1 mg/kg;有效铁、铜、锌含量无显著变化,平均为5.9、1.3和0.54 mg/kg。因此,结合经济效益和养分水平考虑,在生产中要控制施氮量为122 kg/hm2

    图  7  施氮量、产量及小麦籽粒铁锰铜锌含量与土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量的关系
    Figure  7.  Relationship between nitrogen application rate, grain yield, grain micronutrient contents and soil available micronutrient contents

    本研究发现,旱地石灰性土壤施用氮肥,小麦产量显著增加,在施氮212 kg/hm2时达到最大值6116 kg/hm2。籽粒铁、铜、锌含量均显著增加,分别在施氮量为218、320和320 kg/hm2达到最大值43.9、4.5和31.1 mg/kg。锰含量显著降低,在施氮57 kg/hm2时达到最小值37.5 mg/kg。作物对养分的吸收量随生物量提高而增加,吸收量增加速率大于生物量提高速率时表现为养分富集,含量增加;反之,表现为养分稀释,含量降低[1925]。瑞典南部和中部的田间试验表明,增加施氮量显著提高冬小麦产量,而锰、铜和锌含量没有明显变化,籽粒铁含量显著增加,主要是由于氮肥用量较高时地上部铁的积累速度高于生物量增加速度,锰、铜和锌积累与生物量积累的增加速率保持一致[15]。本研究中,施氮后小麦产量增幅为33.0%~38.1%,高于籽粒锰吸收量增加的幅度20.2%~27.0%,因此籽粒锰含量降低;铁、铜和锌的籽粒吸收量增幅分别为65.0%~73.8%,72.9%~106.3%和51.2%~106.1%,均高于产量增幅,因此表现为含量增加。

    本研究发现,黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤增施氮肥后,0—20 cm土层土壤有效锰含量显著提高,在施氮320 kg/hm2时达到12.1 mg/kg;有效铁、铜、锌含量无显著变化,平均分别为5.9,1.3和0.54 mg/kg;20—40 cm土层土壤有效铁、锰、铜含量均无显著变化,施氮提高了20—40 cm土层土壤有效锌含量,在施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,与对照相比差异显著。在辽宁沈阳草甸土上的定位试验发现,长期施用氮肥能降低土壤pH,显著提高有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量[26]。北京潮褐土上的田间试验亦表明,长期施用氮肥降低了土壤pH,促进了土壤锰活化,耕层土壤有效锰含量显著提高[27]。陕西关中平原塿土的定位试验表明,土壤微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌供应受限时,施用氮肥会引起小麦籽粒有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量降低,微量元素充足的土壤中则不会出现此现象[28]。这是由于土壤微量元素含量较低时,作物微量元素吸收量随施氮量的增加速率低于产量增加速率所致。河南郑州棕壤上19年的长期定位试验也表明,小麦籽粒铁、锰含量与土壤有效铁、锰含量显著正相关[29]。在摩洛哥钙质土上的试验还表明,小麦籽粒铜含量与土壤铜供应呈极显著的正相关关系[30],而陕西关中平原的试验表明,长期施用氮肥作物铁、锌的携出量增加,而土壤有效铁、锌含量下降[28]。本研究中,与不施氮相比,小麦籽粒铁、铜、锌含量显著增加,0—20 cm土层土壤有效铁、铜、锌含量无显著变化,主要原因可能是本试验中氮肥投入对土壤铁、铜、锌活化的部分被小麦植株铁、铜、锌的携出提高量所抵消[28],因此表现为土壤有效铁、铜、锌含量无显著变化。

    施用氮肥是小麦丰产优质的重要措施。考虑经济收益和氮肥高效利用,黄淮海麦区小麦最佳施氮量为202 kg/hm2,此时产量为最高产量的97%,施氮量较最高产量时的施氮量可降低27%[31]。在渭北旱塬,在施P2O5 100 kg/hm2 的基础上施氮 150 kg/hm2,小麦产量为最高产量的96%,施氮量比最高产量施氮量降低30%,籽粒氮磷钾锌含量均处于较高水平[32]。因此,在保证高产的基础上适当降低氮肥用量,可实现小麦高产优质和经济效益协同提高。本研究中,产量为最高产量的95% 时施氮量为122 kg/hm2,比最高产量施氮量可减施氮肥42%,此时,锰含量为 37.5 mg/kg,符合人体健康营养推荐值32~44 mg/kg。籽粒铁、铜、锌含量分别为42.1、 4.0和25.1 mg/kg。可见,在减施氮肥的情况下,虽然保证了产量和锰含量,但籽粒铁、铜、锌含量仍低于国际上推荐的含量,即59、10与40~60 mg/kg [78],居民饮食中需注意其他来源的铁、铜、锌补充。

    黄土旱塬区施用氮肥在提高小麦产量的同时,可以显著提高小麦籽粒铁、铜、锌含量,降低锰含量。冬小麦籽粒铁、铜、锌含量的提高主要归于作物对这些养分吸收量的提高及铁向籽粒转移的增强,籽粒锰含量降低与产量提高引起的养分稀释效应有关。综合考虑产量和籽粒微量营养元素含量,以实现小麦高产(5810 kg/hm2)为生产目标,该地区的推荐氮肥用量为122 kg/hm2,相较最高产量施氮量(212 kg/hm2)减少42%,籽粒锰含量为37.5 mg/kg,符合人体健康营养推荐值,铁、铜、锌含量分别为42.1、4.0和25.1 mg/kg,仍低于满足人体营养需求的养分含量。

  • 图  1   不同年份氮肥用量对冬小麦产量、生物量和收获指数的影响

    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05),***表示回归分析在0.001水平达到显著。

    Figure  1.   Winter wheat yield, biomass and harvest index affected by N fertilization rates in different years

    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). *** represents that regression equation is significant at 0.001 level.

    图  2   不同年份氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒铁、锰、铜、锌含量的影响

    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***、**分别表示回归分析在0.001、0.01水平达到显著。

    Figure  2.   Iron, Manganese, Copper and Zinc concentrations in grains of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rates in different years

    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). ***, ** represent that regression equation is significant at 0.001, 0.01 level, respectively.

    图  3   不同年份氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部铁吸收量和收获指数的影响

    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***、**表示回归分析在0.001、 0.01水平达到显著。

    Figure  3.   Iron accumulation in grain and above ground part and Fe harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rate in different years

    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). ***, ** represent that regression equation is significant at 0.001 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

    图  4   不同年份不同氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部锰吸收量和收获指数的影响

    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***、**表示回归分析在0.001、0.01水平达到显著。

    Figure  4.   Manganese accumulation in grain and aboveground part and Mn harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rates in different years

    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). ***, ** represent that regression equation is significant at 0.001 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

    图  5   不同年份不同氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部铜吸收量和收获指数的影响

    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***表示回归分析在0.001水平达到显著。

    Figure  5.   Copper accumulation in grain and aboveground part and Cu harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization ratesin different years

    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). *** represents that regression equation is significant at 0.001 level.

    图  6   不同年份不同氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒、地上部锌吸收量和收获指数的影响

    注:不同小写字母表示施氮处理平均数间差异显著(P<0.05);***表示回归分析在0.001水平达到显著。

    Figure  6.   Zinc accumulation in grain and aboveground part and Zn harvest index of winter wheat as affected by N fertilization rates in different years

    Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among N rate treatments (P<0.05). *** represents that regression equation is significant at 0.001 level.

    图  7   施氮量、产量及小麦籽粒铁锰铜锌含量与土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量的关系

    Figure  7.   Relationship between nitrogen application rate, grain yield, grain micronutrient contents and soil available micronutrient contents

    表  1   不同氮肥用量下土壤有效铁、锰、铜和锌含量(mg/kg)

    Table  1   Available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents in soil under different N application rates

    年份
    Year
    施氮量 (kg/hm2)
    N rate
    有效铁 Available Fe 有效锰 Available Mn 有效铜 Available Cu 有效锌 Available Zn
    0—20 cm 20—40 cm 0—20 cm 20—40 cm 0—20 cm 20—40 cm 0—20 cm 20—40 cm
    2014 0 5.40 a 5.43 b 9.33 a 7.43 c 1.24 a 1.23 bc 0.52 a 0.37 a
    80 5.58 a 5.80 a 9.17 a 8.08 ab 1.27 a 1.33 a 0.46 abc 0.38 a
    160 5.60 a 5.36 b 9.94 a 7.95 b 1.23 a 1.24 bc 0.51 a 0.33 a
    240 5.55 a 5.40 b 9.63 a 8.11 ab 1.23 a 1.21 c 0.44 ac 0.35 a
    320 5.76 a 5.34 b 10.26 a 8.68 a 1.26 a 1.26 b 0.51 ab 0.36 a
    均值 Mean 5.58 B 5.46 B 9.66 B 8.05 A 1.25 B 1.25 B 0.49 B 0.36 A
    2015 0 6.72 a 6.20 a 12.44 a 9.74 a 1.48 a 1.42 a 0.51 a 0.37 a
    80 6.53 a 6.20 a 12.33 a 8.02 c 1.49 a 1.40 a 0.52 a 0.29 b
    160 6.32 a 6.30 a 12.97 a 9.09 ab 1.47 a 1.43 a 0.53 a 0.33ab
    240 6.67 a 6.30 a 12.65 a 8.80 b 1.44 a 1.37 a 0.48 a 0.27 b
    320 6.31 a 6.32 a 13.55 a 8.91 b 1.43 a 1.39 a 0.54 a 0.29 b
    均值 Mean 6.51 A 6.26 A 12.79 A 8.91 A 1.46 A 1.40 A 0.51 AB 0.31 A
    2016 0 5.43 a 5.44 a 11.94 a 7.38 ab 1.34 a 1.29 a 0.62 a 0.33 a
    80 5.71 a 5.49 a 11.77 a 7.15 b 1.32 a 1.25 a 0.59 ab 0.36 a
    160 5.44 a 5.36 ab 12.32 a 7.47 ab 1.32 a 1.24 a 0.60 ab 0.35 a
    240 5.44 a 5.11 b 11.75 a 7.52 ab 1.30 a 1.25 a 0.54 b 0.31 a
    320 5.42 a 5.32 ab 12.51 a 7.95 a 1.35 a 1.26 a 0.66 a 0.29 a
    均值 Mean 5.49 B 5.34 B 12.06 A 7.49 A 1.32 B 1.26 B 0.60 A 0.33 A
    年际均值
    Average
    over 3 years
    0 5.85 a 5.69 ab 11.23 b 8.18 ab 1.35 a 1.31 ab 0.55 a 0.36 a
    80 5.94 a 5.83 a 11.09 b 7.75 b 1.36 a 1.33 a 0.52 ab 0.34 ab
    160 5.78 a 5.67 ab 11.74 ab 8.17 ab 1.34 a 1.30 ab 0.55 a 0.34 ab
    240 5.89 a 5.60 b 11.34 ab 8.14 ab 1.32 a 1.28 b 0.49 b 0.31 b
    320 5.83 a 5.66 ab 12.11 a 8.51 a 1.35 a 1.31 ab 0.57 a 0.31 ab
    FF-value
    年际 Year (Y) 22.34** 11.09** 17.80** 5.28* 17.35** 25.62** 12.39** 1.06
    处理 Treatment (T) 0.34   1.22   1.88 2.40 0.93 1.69 2.97* 1.45
    Y×T 0.92   1.18 0.07 2.44 0.51 1.57 0.31 0.96
    注:同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年份不同施氮处理的平均数差异显著 (P<0.05),不同大写字母表示年际间差异显著 (P<0.01)。*、**分别表示方差分析中因子的效应在0.05、0.01水平上达到显著。
    Note: Different lowercase letters after data in a column indicate significant differences among N rate treatments in the same year (P<0.05); different capital letters indicate significant differences among years (P<0.01). *, ** represent that the effect of the factor is significant at 0.05, 0.01 levels, respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-02-18
  • 录用日期:  2024-06-02
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-07-27
  • 刊出日期:  2024-08-24

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