Abstract: Plant nutrition is a fundamental science that studies the migration, transformation and utilization of nutrient elements in soil-plant system, it has crucial roles for sustaining global food supply, cultivated land quality, and the security of ecological environment. The frontiers of the discipline expand unceasingly with the rapid development of omics technology and artificial intelligence. In the new stage, how to achieve high crop yield, nutrient efficiency, and ecological health simultaneously has become the focus and challenge of plant nutrition research in the context of intensive utilization of cultivated land. We summarized the recent innovative developments in nutrient genetics, nutrient cycling, new fertilizers, and efficient fertilization technologies. Aiming at the shortcomings in China’s plant nutrition research, the following researches require further strengthening in urgency, as: efficient crop nutrient management and molecular regulatory networks for stress resistance, soil nutrient cycling and microbiome functional exploration, creation and application of novel green fertilizers principles, and the methods for optimizing nutrient synergy in farmlands. The goal is to provide scientific and technological schemes for food security, green and high-quality agricultural development.