• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

液体粪肥替代化肥氮对稻油轮作作物产量和肥料利用效率的影响

Effects of liquid manure replacing chemical N fertilizer in rice–rapeseed rotation on crop yield and fertilizer use efficiency

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 合理使用畜禽粪肥是实现化肥减量增效和有机资源高效利用的重要方式之一。通过连续两年的田间试验，探究液体粪肥不同比例替代氮肥对稻油轮作作物产量、肥料利用效率、养分积累量和养分表观平衡的影响，为稻油轮作农田液体粪肥替代氮肥的合理用量提供依据。
    方法 田间试验于2021—2023年在湖北省武穴市大金镇开展，试验设置5个处理：不施肥 (CK)、农户习惯施肥 (FP)、优化施肥 (OPT)、液体粪肥替代OPT处理15%氮肥 (BS15)、液体粪肥替代OPT处理30%氮肥 (BS30)。测定了作物产量和养分积累量，并对肥料利用效率和轮作周年养分表观平衡进行分析。
    结果 与FP处理相比，OPT和BS15处理下油菜产量、肥料农学利用率、肥料偏生产力和钾积累量分别显著提高15.8%～25.0%、25.0%～31.3%、21.1%～23.7%和12.4%～15.7%，水稻产量、肥料农学利用率、肥料偏生产力和钾积累量分别显著提高16.1%～19.3%、42.1%～44.7%、13.5%～16.1%和16.3%～18.9%，而BS30处理下油菜和水稻产量、肥料农学利用率、肥料偏生产力和钾积累量均无显著变化。与FP、OPT和BS15处理相比，BS30处理油菜氮积累量和磷积累量分别显著下降10.0%～11.5%和15.0%～18.0%，水稻氮积累量和磷积累量分别显著下降19.4%～25.5%和16.5%～21.0%。不同施肥处理周年氮(N)表观盈余64～132 kg/hm2，钾(K2O)表观亏缺137～255 kg/hm2，FP、OPT处理磷均表现为周年亏缺，亏缺量分别为P2O5 69、44 kg/hm2，BS30处理磷(P2O5)表观盈余 37 kg /hm2，而BS15处理磷(P2O5)仅亏缺14 kg/hm2，最接近表观平衡。
    结论 液体粪肥替代15%的化肥氮能够提高作物产量、肥料利用效率和养分积累量，并保持轮作农田周年磷养分表观相对平衡，因此，在稻油轮作农田可用液体粪肥替代15%氮肥。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Reasonable application of liquid manure is a vital way to reduce the utilization of chemical fertilizers and realize the recycle of organic nutrients. This study explored the effects of different proportions of liquid manure in total fertilizer inputs on crop yield, fertilizer use efficiency, and annual nutrient budget.
    Methods Field experiment was conducted at Dajin Town, Wuxue City, Hubei Province during the period of 2021−2023. The five fertilization treatments included no fertilizer control (CK), farmers’ practice (FP), optimized fertilization (OPT), and replacing 15%, and 30% of chemical fertilizer N in OPT treatment with liquid manure (BS15, BS30). The cropping system was rice-rapeseed rotation. At harvest, the yield and nutrient uptake of crops were analyzed, and the fertilizer use efficiency and annual nutrient budget were evaluated.
    Results Compared with FP treatment, OPT and BS15 treatment significantly increased rapeseed yield by 15.8%−25.0%, agronomic use efficiency of fertilizer by 25.0%−31.3%, partial productivity of fertilizer by 21.1%−23.7%, and K2O uptake by 12.4%−15.7%, and increased the above items in rice by 16.1%−19.3%, 42.1%−44.7%, 13.5%−16.1%, 16.3%−18.9%; BS30 treatment did not cause significant difference. Compared with FP, OPT and BS15, BS30 treatment significantly decreased crop N uptake and P2O5 uptake of rapeseed by 10.0%−11.5%, 15.0%−18.0%, and those of rice by 19.4%−25.5%, 16.5%−21.0%. The annual apparent budget for N was surplus in 64−132 kg/hm2 in all the fertilizer treatments, and that of K2O was deficit in 137−255 kg/hm2, and that of P2O5 was in deficit of 69 kg/hm2 and 44 kg/hm2 in FP and OPT, while surplus 37 kg/hm2 in BS30. The BS15 treatment had the annual P2O5 budget closest to apparent balance (P2O5, −14 kg/hm2).
    Conclusions Replacing 15% of chemical fertilizer N with liquid manure can improve crop yield, fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient uptake of rapeseed and rice, while maintaining P2O5 apparent balance throughout the rotation system. It is recommended to use liquid manure to replace 15% of chemical fertilizer N in rice–rapeseed rotation.

     

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