Abstract: Biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are attributed to environmental-friendly green fertilizers because of their beneficial roles in improving farmland fertility and agricultural product quality, therefore, the application of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are the key measurements for the green development of agriculture and the food security. The fast development of chemical fertilizer industry since the middle of last century provides substantial and cheap inorganic fertilizers for the sustained yield increasing. The proportion of chemical fertilizer in China’s total nutrient input reached the peak, and the application of organic fertilizer went to the lowest in 1990s. The heavily relay on chemical fertilizer has caused a series of shortcomings, like the deterioration of farmland quality, the contamination of farmland and environment, and the decline of agricultural product quality, threatens the sustainable use of farmland and development of agriculture seriously. Thereby, Chinese government strengthens the research and policy support to biofertilizer and organic fertilizer, and great progresses have been made in the basic and applied research and industrialization of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer during the past thirty years. The biofertilizer function research in China has expanded from increasing nitrogen-fixation efficiency to phosphorus and potassium solubilization, and further developed to soil barrier reduction and crop stress resistance enhancement; biofertilizer products containing single strain have been replaced by those containing multi-strains and synthetic flora. And the product types have developed from simple bacteriotics to biofertilizers and composite microbial fertilizers. The industrial scale and technological level of biofertilizer production have been improved significantly. Organic fertilizer researches not only focus on the conversion of organic nutrients during composting process but also on the technologies improving the composting efficiency and the elimination and control of harmful factors. Under the background of “two-carbon” strategy in recent years, new hotspots have turned out on researching and application of clean and low-carbon organic fertilizers are required to rapidly improve soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration capacity. We reviewed the related research emphasis, representative achievements and the industrialization paths of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer in China for the past 30 years. The requirement of national strategy and the scientific breakthroughs will continue to support the development of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer under the new situation, and some research emphases are thus proposed in near future.