• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

麦玉轮作体系下秸秆还田和有机替代对作物产量及农田氮损失的影响

Effects of straw returning and organic substitution on crop yield and field nitrogen loss under wheat-maize rotation system

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响，为土壤培肥提供科学依据。
    方法 以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域，在中国知网、Web of Science 平台，搜集并筛选出64篇文献，提取其中的产量、氮素损失(氨挥发、N2O排放、硝态氮淋溶)数据，采用整合分析(Meta-analysis)方法，对比分析常规单施化肥、常规化肥配合秸秆还田(秸秆还田)、有机肥替代部分化肥(有机替代)以及秸秆还田+有机替代4种施肥措施对作物产量、氮肥利用率以及农田氮损失的影响。
    结果 常规单施化肥措施下，小麦和玉米产量均值分别为6.06和7.79 t/hm2，氮肥利用率分别为36.3%和34.2%；农田氮损失以淋溶和NH3挥发为主，且农田氮损失主要发生在玉米季，约占全年氮损失的57.7%。与常规单施化肥相比，秸秆还田显著提高小麦产量21.8%、玉米产量6.1%，但增加NH3挥发和N2O排放的风险。与常规单施化肥相比，有机替代显著降低了农田硝态氮淋失(小麦季39.6%、玉米季27.7%)和玉米季N2O排放(21.2%)，但小麦产量存在较大波动，以20%～40%的替代比例增产效果最佳(3.6%)。与常规单施化肥相比，秸秆还田+有机替代小麦平均增产16.4%、玉米产量提高17.7%，玉米季硝态氮淋溶降低24.1%；与秸秆还田相比，秸秆还田+有机替代虽然显著提高了作物产量(小麦5.7%、玉米13.4%)，但增加了玉米季N2O排放(61.9%)。
    结论 常规化肥措施下，秸秆还田、有机替代及秸秆还田+有机替代措施均能提高麦玉轮作体系的作物产量。不同措施的环境效应存在差异：秸秆还田虽能增产，但会导致农田氮排放量增加；有机替代措施具有较好的氮减排效果，但需合适的替代比例才能实现增产与减排的双重效益。值得注意的是，秸秆还田结合有机替代的增产效果最佳，但其农田氮减排效果相关研究较少，减排效果和机制尚不明确，有待进一步探究。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives The effects of different fertilization measures on crop yield, nitrogen use efficiency and field nitrogen loss in wheat-maize rotation model were studied, so as to provide a basis for practical application.
    Methods We searched literatures on the CNKI and Web of Science, using key worlds wheat, corn or maize, wheat-maize or wheat-corn, manure, organic fertilizer, substitution or replace, straw incorporation or straw returning or straw mulching, yield and nitrogen, from January 2000 to December 2023 within the wheat-maize rotation area of China. A total of 64 articles were screened out for the extraction of data. A meta-analysis method was used to compared the effects of conventional chemical fertilizer, straw returning, organic substitution and straw returning + organic substitution on crop yield, nitrogen utilization rate and nitrogen loss.
    Results The average yield of wheat and maize under conventional chemical fertilizer was 6.06 t/hm2 and 7.79 t/hm2, and the nitrogen utilization rate was 36.3% and 34.2%, respectively. The main nitrogen loss was leaching and NH3 volatilization. Maize season was the main nitrogen loss, accounting for 57.7% of the annual nitrogen loss. Compared with conventional chemical fertilizer, straw return significantly increased wheat yield by 21.8% and maize yield by 6.1%, but brought a risk of increasing NH3 volatilization and N2O emission; organic substitution significantly reduced nitrate leaching by 39.6% in wheat season and 27.7% in maize season, and reduced N2O emission in maize season by 21.2%, but led to fluctuated wheat yield greatly, and the yield increase rate was averaged 3.6% under the optimal substitution ratio of 20%−40%; straw return + organic substitution measure increased wheat yield by 16.4% on average and increased maize yield by 17.7%, and reduced NO3−-N leaching by 24.1% during maize season. It was worth noting that compared with straw returning, straw returning + organic substitution significantly increased crop yield (wheat 5.7%, maize 13.4%), but increased maize season N2O emission (61.9%).
    Conclusions Both straw returning and organic substitution, individually and combined, exhibited notable impacts on crop yield in wheat-maize rotation systems. However, they also presented certain limitations. Organic substitution proved most effective in minimizing nitrogen loss from cropland, but only when implemented at an optimal substitution ratio, did it achieve optimal yield enhancement and emission reduction. When straw returning was integrated with organic substitution measures, it demonstrated the most pronounced effect on yield improvement. Nevertheless, the impact of this combination on reducing farmland nitrogen loss remains understudied and unclear, necessitating further investigation.

     

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