Abstract: The overall quality of arable land in China is relatively low, posing a serious threat to national food security and ecological environmental safety. There is currently insufficient systematic research on the dominant factors driving the decline in farmland quality and the technical strategies for improving the quality of different types of degraded farmland across various regions. Therefore, while comprehensively elucidating the current status of farmland quality in China, this paper focuses on investigating and revealing the prominent issues and driving factors underlying the decline in cultivated land quality across six typical types: northeast black soil farmlands, northern drylands, southern paddy fields, southern drylands, greenhouse farmlands, and saline-alkali farmlands. Furthermore, it delves into the critical mechanisms leading to the decline in farmland quality. Centered on farmland protection and rational utilization, this paper proposes core strategies for maintaining and improving farmland quality from four aspects: farmland monitoring, soil amelioration, soil fertility enhancement, and farmland utilization. It also clarifies the main directions for scientific and technological innovation in arable land by identifying primary areas of focus. The applicability of key techniques for improving farmland quality, such as farmland engineering, conservation tillage, scientific fertilization, efficient water resource utilization, and the breeding of stress-tolerant and adaptable crop varieties, is elucidated. This study aims to identify the scientific and technological needs for comprehensively improving farmland quality and to provide vital references for formulating policies related to farmland protection. These efforts will support the agricultural production and ecological service functions of farmland, helping to achieve the strategic goals of ensuring food security through land and technology, as well as promoting green and sustainable agricultural development.