氮磷钾肥分次滴施提高春玉米经济效益和肥料利用率

董宇恒; 王富贵; 王永强; 王振; 白岚方; 程志鹏; 曹䶮婷; 孙磊; 于静辉; 许俊雁; 王志刚

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2024448

氮磷钾肥分次滴施提高春玉米经济效益和肥料利用率

Split application of NPK fertigation improve the economic benefits and fertilizer use efficiency in spring maize production

摘要

摘要:
目的传统浅埋滴灌玉米生产中多采用磷、钾全部基施，生育期追施氮肥的养分管理模式，这种模式下磷、钾养分未实现分期调控，一定程度上制约了产量和养分利用效率提升。因此，我们研究了适宜于浅埋滴灌玉米栽培的氮、磷、钾养分全部分施模式。
方法田间试验于2022年在内蒙古土默川平原灌区包头市土默特右旗、呼和浩特市土默特左旗和西辽河平原灌区通辽市科左中旗同步开展，2023年在内蒙古西辽河平原灌区科尔沁区开展。以玉米品种‘迪卡159’为试验材料，种植密度为9.75万株/hm²。在氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总量分别为270、120、70.5 kg/hm²条件下，设置常规施肥模式(CK)、无基肥氮磷钾3次滴施(WF-3)和无基肥氮磷钾6次滴施(WF-6)模式，并设不施氮(N0)、不施磷(P0)、不施钾(K0)处理，用于计算肥料利用率。于吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)、成熟期(R6)采集茎、叶和穗样品，测定生物量和氮、磷、钾含量，收获后测定产量和产量构成因素。
结果与CK相比，两年四地田间试验WF-3和WF-6处理各指标的平均增幅为：群体生物量3.60%和8.61%，穗粒数2.78%和6.37%，千粒重2.03%和4.96%，产量5.26%和12.35%，净收益7.77%和12.32%，氮肥农学效率16.17%和41.63%，营养器官氮素转运量5.61%和6.57%，花后籽粒氮素积累量13.62%和15.07%，磷肥农学效率16.24%和41.76%，磷素积累量9.69%和17.82%，营养器官磷素转运量4.92%和8.46%，花后籽粒磷素积累量13.38%和24.56%，钾肥农学效率16.37%和41.83%，钾素积累量10.87%和13.35%，营养器官钾素转运量15.07%和17.96%。WF-6处理以上所有指标的增幅均显著高于WF-3处理。
结论氮磷钾分次滴施可以增加吐丝前后玉米养分的吸收、积累与分配，促进干物质积累量，显著增加玉米产量、养分利用效率及经济效益。两年四地的田间试验均证明，氮磷钾肥随滴灌分6次追施的产量、经济效益和肥料利用率最高。

Abstract:
Objectives Traditional maize production uses to apply full doses of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in base, only apply nitrogen fertilizer in base and topdressing. We studied the effects of multiple topdressing of all the NPK fertilizers across maize growing season, by use of the shallow-buried drip irrigation.
Methods Taking spring maize cultivar ‘Dika 159’ as test materials, three field experiments were conducted in 2022 and one in 2023 in four different cities in West Liaohe Plain Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia. Three fertilization treatments with the same total amount of N, P and K fertilizer (N 270 kg/hm², P 120 kg/hm², and K 70.5 kg/hm²) were set: conventional fertilization (CK), topdressing total fertilizer in three times (WF-3), and in six times (WF-6). In addition, no nitrogen (N0), no phosphorus (P0), or no potassium (K0) treatments were arranged for calculation of fertilizer use efficiency. Plant samples were collected at silking, milk maturity, and maturity stage for analysis of biomass and NPK contents. At harvest, the yield and yield components were investigated.
Results Compared with CK, the average indicator increments of four experiments in two years in WF-3 and WF-6 treatments were: population biomass by 3.60% and 8.61%, kernel number per ear by 2.78% and 6.37%, 1000-kernel weight by 2.03% and 4.96%, yield by 5.26% and 12.35%, and net profits by 7.77% and 12.32%, respectively; N agronomic efficiency by 16.17% and 41.63%, N export from vegetative organs by 5.61% and 6.57%, post anthesis grain N accumulation by 13.62% and 15.07%; P agronomic efficiency by 16.24% and 41.76%, P accumulation by 9.69% and 17.82%, vegetative organ P export by 4.92% and 8.46%, post-anthesis grain P accumulation by 13.38% and 24.56%; K agronomic efficiency by 16.37% and 41.83%, K accumulation by 10.87% and 13.35%, K export from vegetative organs by 15.07% and 17.96%. In addition, the effects of WF-6 treatment were all significantly higher than WF-3.
Conclusions Split topdressing all the NPK fertilizers boosts dry matter accumulation pre- and post-anthesis stage, improves pre-anthesis nutrient uptake and accumulation and the distribution to grains resulting in notable increases in yield, nutrient efficiency, and economic returns. All the results of four experiments in two years proves the satisfactory effect of topdressing fertilizers in six times by means of drip irrigation for spring maize production in Inner Mongolia.

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