• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

养分专家系统在内蒙古玉米、向日葵和马铃薯推荐施肥中的应用与验证

Application and validation of Nutrient Expert system for recommended fertilization in maize, sunflower, and potato production in Inner Mongolia

  • 摘要:
    目的 针对内蒙古地区农民盲目施肥导致的作物产量潜力无法充分发挥、肥料利用率低下及土壤养分失衡等现状,采用基于产量反应和农学效率的养分专家系统,在内蒙古地区开展玉米、向日葵和马铃薯的推荐施肥田间试验,与农民习惯施肥相比较,验证该系统在提升内蒙古地区的产量、经济效益和养分利用率方面的可行性。
    方法 于2017—2023年在内蒙古玉米、向日葵、马铃薯主产区开展146个田间验证试验,每个试验包括5个处理:基于养分专家系统的推荐施肥处理(NE),农民习惯施肥处理(FP),以及基于NE的不施氮肥(N)、不施磷肥(P)和不施钾肥(K)处理,从产量、净效益、养分吸收和肥料利用率等方面比较NE处理与FP处理间的差异。
    结果 NE处理显著提高了玉米、向日葵和马铃薯的产量及经济效益(P<0.001),与FP处理相比,产量分别增加了1166、235、2433 kg/hm2,经济效益分别增加了1546、1572、2582元/hm2。NE系统平衡了氮、磷、钾肥用量,尤其提高了钾肥施用量,增加了玉米和向日葵的肥料投入成本,因此其经济效益的增加全部源自产量的提高。NE处理的平衡施肥提高了成熟期作物养分累积量,与FP处理相比,玉米、向日葵和马铃薯的N累积量分别增加了8.4%、9.1%和9.9%,P累积量分别增加了8.1%、6.6%和10.9%,K累积量分别增加了11.5%、9.9%和11.5%。产量和养分累积量的增加显著提高了NE处理的养分利用效率,与FP处理相比,玉米、向日葵和马铃薯的氮肥回收率(REN)分别提高了4.6、13.6和14.3个百分点,磷肥回收率(REP)分别提高了7.6、8.7和7.1个百分点;氮肥农学效率(AEN)分别提高了3.2、2.1和17.4 kg/kg,磷肥农学效率(AEP)分别增加了12.6、4.0和27.9 kg/kg。马铃薯的钾肥回收率(REK)提高了13.8个百分点,钾肥农学效率(AEK)提高了8.7 kg/kg。
    结论 基于产量反应和农学效率的养分专家系统,在内蒙古地区玉米、向日葵和马铃薯上开展的推荐施肥,可平衡氮、磷、钾肥用量,增加作物产量和净效益,同时提高养分吸收和肥料利用率,在保障粮食安全、提高农业生产效率方面将发挥重要作用。因此,这种推荐施肥方法适用于内蒙古小农户种植体系。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Aiming at the current situation where farmers in Inner Mongolia in blind fertilizer application, resulting in crop yield potential not being able to realized, low fertilizer use efficiency and soil nutrient imbalance, we curried out recommended fertilizer application field experiments for maize, sunflower and potato in Inner Mongolia using a Nutrient Expert System based on yield response and agronomic efficiency, and compared it with local farmers’ fertilization practices, to verify the feasibility of applying the system in Inner Mongolia in terms of yields, economic benefits and nutrient use efficiency.
    Methods A total of 146 field experiments were conducted in the main maize, sunflower, and potato production areas of Inner Mongolia from 2017 to 2023. There were five fertilizer treatments for each experiment: fertilizer recommendation based on the Nutrient Expert system (NE), farmers’ practices (FP), and omission nitrogen (N), omission phosphorus (P) and omission potassium (K) treatments based on NE. The differences in the yield, net benefits, nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency between NE and FP were compared.
    Results Compared with FP treatment, the NE treatment significantly increased the yields and economic benefits of maize, sunflower and potato (P<0.001), and the yields increased by 1166, 235 and 2433 kg/hm2, and the economic benefits increased by 1546, 1572 and 2582 yuan/hm2, respectively. The NE system balanced the amount of N, P and K fertilizer, and in particular, it increased K fertilizer application rate. The NE treatment increased the fertilizer input costs for maize and sunflower, so all of their net benefits derived from increased yields. The balanced fertilizer application in the NE treatment increased nutrient accumulation at maturity, and compared with the FP treatment, in maize, sunflower and potato N accumulation increased by 8.1%, 9.1% and 9.9%, P accumulation increased by 8.1%, 6.6% and 10.9%, and K accumulation increased by 11.5%, 9.9% and 11.5%, respectively. The increase in yield and nutrient uptake significantly improved the nutrient use efficiency of NE. As compared to FP, in maize, sunflower and potato, the recovery use efficiency of N fertilizer (REN) increased by 4.6, 13.6 and 14.3 percentage points, respectively, and the recovery use efficiency of P fertilizer (REP) increased by 7.6, 8.7 and 7.1 percentage points, respectively; the agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AEN) increased by 3.2, 2.1, 17.4 kg/kg, respectively, and the agronomic efficiency of P fertilizer(AEP) increased by 12.6, 4.0, and 27.9 kg/kg, respectively. The recovery use efficiency of K fertilizer (REK) increased by 13.8 percentage points in potato, and the agronomic efficiency of K fertilizer (AEK) increased by 8.7 kg/kg, respectively.
    Conclusions Fertilizer recommendation for maize, sunflower and potato using nutrient expert system which based on yield response and agronomic efficiency in Inner Mongolia, will play an important role in guaranteeing food security and improving the agricultural productivity by balancing the amount of N, P, and K fertilizers to increase crop yield and net benefits, while improving nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency. Therefore, this recommended fertilization method is applicable to smallholder production systems in Inner Mongolia.

     

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