• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

基于产量反应和农学效率的冬油菜智能化推荐施肥方法

An intelligent fertilizer recommendation method for winter rape based on yield response and agronomic efficiency

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 基于产量反应和农学效率的专家施肥系统已在我国多个地区和多种作物上展现出显著的应用效果。我们利用该系统建立适合我国国情的冬油菜推荐施肥方法，以提高油菜的生产效益，降低环境风险。
    方法 以“油菜”、 “油菜+产量”、“油菜+养分吸收”、“油菜+肥料利用率”为关键词及其组合，系统收集了2000—2023年公开发表的多年多点冬油菜田间肥料试验数据，采用 QUEFTS 模型分析冬油菜养分吸收特征，及优化施肥下油菜产量反应和农学效率等参数，构建油菜养分专家系统。2021—2023年在湖北多地开展65个田间验证试验，设置油菜养分专家推荐施肥 (NE)、农民习惯施肥 (FP) 和测土配方推荐施肥 (ST) 3 种施肥处理，调查了油菜产量、养分利用效率及经济效益响应特征。
    结果  QUEFTS 模型分析表明，我国生产 1 t 冬油菜籽粒，冬油菜地上部氮、磷和钾养分需求量分别为 43.5、11.0和 44.6 kg；油菜主产区氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应分别为1.08、0.63和0.42 t/hm2；氮、磷和钾肥平均农学效率分别为6.26、8.24和4.97 kg/kg。通过模型拟合，获得氮、磷、钾肥与油菜产量的定量关系分别为y=−0.8043x2+6.9351x−0.0648、y=−2.6103x2+16.139x−0.408、y=−3.0654x2+14.031x−0.1571。65个田间验证试验地点的氮磷钾肥推荐方案总体表现为减氮、增磷、稳钾，具体为N降低20 kg/hm2，P2O5施用量提高7 kg/hm2，K2O施用量基本不变。与ST处理相比，NE处理肥料成本降低了201元/hm2，油菜产量和净收益平均分别增加了0.11 t/hm2和898元/hm2，氮和钾肥农学效率分别提高了1.39和 2.83 kg/kg。
    结论 用基于产量反应和农学效率大数据建立的油菜养分专家系统进行施肥推荐，实现了肥料总投入的降低，能有效提高冬油菜产量、经济效益和养分利用率，是适用于我国冬油菜种植的智能化推荐施肥方法。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Intelligent fertilizer recommendations based on yield response and agronomic efficiency have demonstrated convincing results for crops across various regions and species in China. This study aimed to develop a fertilization recommendation approach tailored to winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in China, focus on enhancing production efficiency while reducing environmental risks.
    Methods We collected field fertilizer trial data for winter oilseed rape published during 2000 to 2023, using keywords “oilseed rape”, “oilseed rape + yield”, “oilseed rape + nutrient uptake”, and “oilseed rape + fertilizer use efficiency”. The QUEFTS model was employed to analyze nutrient uptake characteristics and to optimize agronomic parameters including yield response and agronomic efficiency. And then a nutrient expert recommendation system (NE) tailored for winter oilseed rape was developed. From 2021 to 2023, 65 field validation trials were conducted across Hubei Province, with three fertilization treatments in each trail: Nutrient Expert recommendation (NE), farmers’ conventional practice (FP), and soil testing recommendation (ST). Crop yield, nutrient use efficiency, and economic benefits of oilseed rape production were investigated.
    Results According to the QUEFTS model, producing 1 ton of winter oilseed rape seeds required 43.5 kg N, 11.0 kg P, and 44.6 kg K in the aboveground biomass. the average yield responses to N, P, and K fertilization were 1.08, 0.63, and 0.42 t/hm2, respectively, with corresponding agronomic efficiencies of 6.26, 8.24, and 4.97 kg/kg. The relationships between fertilization and yield were quantified as: y=−0.8043x2+6.9351x−0.0648 for N, y=−2.6103x2+16.139x−0.408 for P, and y=−3.0654x2+14.031x−0.1571 for K. Compared to the ST treatment, the NE recommendation reduced N application by 20 kg/hm2, increased P2O5 by 7 kg/hm2, and maintained a similar K2O rate. As a result, NE decreased fertilizer costs by 201 yuan/hm2, increased yield and net profit by 0.11 t/hm2 and 898 yuan/hm2on average, and improved agronomic efficiencies of N and K fertilizers by 1.39 kg/kg and 2.83 kg/kg, respectively.
    Conclusions The intelligent fertilization recommendation system tailored to winter oilseed rape production in China outperformed other methods in balancing and reducing fertilizer cost, increasing fertilizer nutrient use efficiency, oilseed rape yield and profits. It offers a practical and efficient solution for sustainable oilseed rape production.

     

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