• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

磷肥用量对油菜产量、磷吸收及冻害减产的影响

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on oilseed rape yield, phosphorus uptake, and yield reduction caused by freezing injury

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 越冬油菜苗期对环境胁迫十分敏感。我国长江中游地区低温冰冻天气频发，影响油菜的稳产高产。本研究旨在探讨不同磷肥用量对油菜产量、磷养分吸收以及因冻害减产的缓解作用，为优化越冬油菜施磷策略提供科学依据。
    方法 试验于2022/2023和2023/2024年在湖北武穴和武汉2个定位试验点开展，根据气象资料，2022/2023季为正常年份，2023/2024季为冻害年份。试验设置5个磷肥(P2O5)用量处理，在武穴分别为0、45、90、135、180 kg/hm2，在武汉分别为0、30、60、90、120 kg/hm2。调查了油菜产量、产量构成因子和磷积累量，分析了磷肥用量缓解冻害的效应。
    结果 相比于正常年，冻害年2个试验点的油菜产量和磷积累量分别降低23.0%～58.6%和31.1%～79.1%；相比于不施磷肥，磷肥施用降低了产量损失和磷积累量降低幅度，武穴点以P2O5 90 kg/hm2处理的冻害缓解效果最佳，油菜产量和磷积累量降幅分别减少了14.5和34.5个百分点，武汉点则是P2O5 120 kg/hm2处理的缓解效果最大，油菜产量和磷积累量降幅分别减少了13.3和24.5个百分点。在武穴试验点，油菜遭受越冬期(3天最低气温<−5℃)和薹花期(6天最低气温<0℃)冻害的影响，其单株角果数和每角粒数分别减少38.7%～42.2%和17.2%～28.0%，籽粒磷积累占比降低；而在武汉试验点，油菜越冬期和薹花期的冻害天数分别为9和10天，主要表现为单株角果数减少20.6%～58.7%。增施磷肥缓解了武穴试验点油菜因冻害而引起的每角粒数和千粒重的下降，缓解了武汉试验点油菜单株角果数的下降。
    结论 冻害显著降低油菜产量和磷养分吸收量，其中单株角果数受影响最大。因地制宜合理优化磷肥用量可有效减轻冻害不利影响。建议根据土壤条件和冻害风险调整磷肥施用量，以增强油菜生产的抗逆性和稳定性。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Freezing stress during the seedling and overwintering stage severely impacts the phosphorous nutrition and seed yield of oilseed rape production in the midstream region of the Yangtze River. This study investigated the mitigating effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on oilseed rape.
    Methods Field experiments were conducted during 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 growing seasons at Wuxue and Wuhan in Hubei Province, respectively. According to temperatures data, 2022/2023 season was a normal year, whereas 2023/2024 season was a freezing year for oilseed production. Five P2O5 application rate treatments were setup, they were 0, 45, 90, 135, 180 kg/hm2 at Wuxue, and 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg/hm2 at Wuhan. Oilseed rape yield, yield components, and P uptake were investigated, and the mitigating effect of P fertilizer rates were assessed.
    Results Compared with normal year, freezing reduced yield by 23.0%−58.6% and P accumulation by 31.1%−79.1%. Compared with no P control, P application mitigated the decline in yield and P accumulation in different degrees. The strongest mitigation effect in Wuxue site was at P2O5 90 kg/hm2, where the yield and P accumulation losses caused by freezing declined by 14.5 and 34.5 percentage points, and the greatest mitigation was observed in Wuhan site at P2O5 120 kg/hm2, with yield and P accumulation reduction of 13.3 and 24.5 percentage points, respectively. In Wuxue site, freezing during the overwintering period (minimum temperature <−5℃ for 3 days) and the bud-flowering period (minimum temperature <0℃ for 6 days) led to reduction of 38.7%−42.2% in pods per plant and 17.2%−28.0% in seeds per pod, the P accumulation in seeds were reduced greatly. While in Wuhan site, freezing lasted only 9 days during the overwintering period and 10 days during bud-flowering period, primarily reducing the number of pods per plant by 20.6%−58.7%. Increased P application rate mitigated the decline in the number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight in the Wuxue site, and mitigated the decline in the number of pods per plant in the Wuhan site.
    Conclusions Freezing causes a decrease in oilseed rape yield and P accumulation, with the number of pods per plant being the most affected. P fertilizer rates should be adjusted based on the soil and freezing conditions to improve the resilience and stability of oilseed rape production.

     

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