长期化肥单施及与有机肥配施对设施番茄表层土壤全盐量及盐分离子组成的影响

侯博洋; 赵艺浓; 李凯娟; 罗培龙; 蔺欣园; 刘楚桐; 安晶; 张玉玲

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2025063

长期化肥单施及与有机肥配施对设施番茄表层土壤全盐量及盐分离子组成的影响

Effects of long-term single application of chemical fertilizers and their combined application with organic fertilizers on total salt content and ion composition in the surface soil of greenhouse tomato cultivation

摘要

摘要:
目的本研究旨在探究单施化肥以及化肥与不同用量有机肥配施对表层土壤全盐量(TS)及盐分离子组成的影响，从而为设施番茄栽培中减缓土壤次生盐渍化的施肥管理提供理论依据。
方法本研究依托于2012年在辽宁沈阳开展的番茄栽培长期定位试验，供试土壤为棕壤。定位施肥试验共设置六个处理，分别为不施肥(CK)、两个单施化肥处理(PK和NPK)以及三个化肥分别与不同用量有机肥配施的处理，有机肥用量分别为15000 kg/hm² (低量，M1NPK)、45000 kg/hm² (中量，M2NPK)、75000 kg/hm² (高量，M3NPK)。除对照处理外，所有处理中N、P₂O₅和K₂O的年施用量均为375、225和450 kg/hm²。2023年，分别在春季整地前(S1)、番茄苗期(S2)、第一穗果膨大期(S3)、第四穗果膨大期(S4)和休耕期(S5)采集0—20 cm的土壤样品，测定土壤的TS、pH以及盐分离子(K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl⁻、SO₄²⁻、CO₃²⁻、HCO₃⁻和NO₃⁻)的含量。
结果与CK处理相比，NPK处理显著降低了土壤pH，而其他处理对土壤pH无显著影响。施肥处理显著增加了五个取样时期土壤的TS，且土壤TS随有机肥配施量的增加而升高。M1NPK处理在五个取样时期的土壤TS比NPK处理低6.5%～43.7%，而M3NPK处理则比NPK处理高3.1%～39.4%。各施肥处理下，土壤水溶性阳离子和阴离子的总量均显著增加，分别以Ca²⁺和SO₄²⁻为主。化肥与有机肥配施处理中，土壤水溶性阳离子和阴离子的总量均随有机肥施用量的增加而增加。在非生长季(S1和S5)，水溶性K⁺和SO₄²⁻是影响土壤全盐量的重要盐分离子；水溶性K⁺、Ca²⁺、NO₃⁻和SO₄²⁻的含量与土壤TS、EC均呈显著正相关(P<0.01)，而土壤TS与pH呈显著负相关(P<0.05)；水溶性K⁺含量对土壤TS影响的相对贡献率最大，为31.2%，其次为SO₄²⁻，为12.7%。在生长季(S2、S3和S4)，水溶性Ca²⁺和K⁺是影响土壤全盐量的重要盐分离子。八个盐分离子的含量与土壤TS均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，水溶性HCO₃⁻的含量与土壤pH呈显著正相关(P<0.001)；化肥与有机肥配施可提高水溶性Ca²⁺、K⁺和HCO₃⁻的比例，降低水溶性NO₃⁻和SO₄²⁻的比例。水溶性Ca²⁺、K⁺、NO₃⁻和SO₄²⁻的含量对土壤全盐量影响的相对贡献率较大，分别为31.6%、18.3%、12.9%和12.5%。
结论影响土壤全盐量的重要盐分离子在非生长季为K⁺和SO₄²⁻，在生长季为Ca²⁺和K⁺。长期连续施用化肥，尤其是含有尿素时，会显著增加土壤的总盐量积累。而配施适量的有机肥可有效降低土壤水溶性离子的累积，在一定程度上减缓土壤盐渍化和酸化进程。然而，由于商品有机肥本身携带的盐分较高，过量配施有机肥反而会增加土壤的全盐含量，导致土壤盐渍化。在棕壤区，在年施用尿素(N)375 kg/hm²、过磷酸钙(P₂O₅)225 kg/hm²和硫酸钾(K₂O)450 kg/hm²的条件下，配施15000～45000 kg/hm²的有机肥可有效减缓番茄设施土壤的盐渍化风险。

Abstract:
Objectives The effects of single chemical fertilizer application and the combined application of chemical fertilizer with different amounts of organic fertilizer on the total salt (TS) content and ion composition of surface soil were studied, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for fertilization management to mitigate soil secondary salinization in greenhouse tomato cultivation.
Methods This study was based on a long-term tomato experiment established in 2012 in Shenyang, Liaoning, using brown soil as the test soil. Treatments were set up by cultivation combining organic fertilizer at rates of 15,000 (M1), 45,000 (M2), and 75,000 (M3) kg/hm² with each NPK treatment (M1NPK, M2NPK, and M3NPK). Except for the control treatment, the annual application rates of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O in all other treatments were 375, 225, and 450 kg/hm², respectively. Soil samples (0−20 cm) were collected in 2023 during the pre-ploughing period (S1), seedling period (S2), first and fourth fruit expansion periods (S3 and S4), and after uprooting of tomatoes (S5). The soil samples were analyzed for TS content, pH, and the contents of salt ions (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, and NO₃⁻).
Results Compared with CK, the NPK treatment significantly reduced soil pH, while the other treatments had no significant effect on soil pH. Fertilization significantly increased soil TS during the five sampling periods, and this increase was in proportion to the application rate of organic fertilizers. The M1NPK treatment reduced soil TS by 6.5%−43.7% relative to the NPK treatment during the five sampling periods, whereas the M3NPK treatment increased soil TS by 3.1%−39.4% compared with NPK. In all treatments, the total contents of soil water-soluble cations and anions increased, with Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ being the main components, respectively. The total contents of soil water-soluble cations and anions in the treatments with combined NPK and organic fertilizer application increased with the rise in the application rate of organic fertilizer. During the fallow season (S1 and S5), water-soluble K⁺ and SO₄²⁻ were important ions affecting soil TS, and the contents of water-soluble K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ were significantly positively correlated with soil TS and EC (P<0.01), while soil TS was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH (P<0.05). The relative contribution rate of water-soluble K⁺ content to the effect on soil TS was the largest (31.2%), followed by that of SO₄²⁻ (12.7%). During the growing season (S2, S3, and S4), water-soluble Ca²⁺ and K⁺ were important ions affecting soil TS. The contents of the eight salt ions were significantly positively correlated with soil TS (P<0.05), and the water-soluble HCO₃⁻ content was significantly positively correlated with soil pH (P<0.001). The proportions of water-soluble Ca²⁺, K⁺, and HCO₃⁻ increased in the treatments with combined NPK and organic fertilizer application, while those of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ decreased. The relative contribution rates of water-soluble Ca²⁺, K⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ contents to the effect on soil TS were relatively large, at 31.6%, 18.3%, 12.9%, and 12.5%, respectively.
Conclusions The important ions influencing soil TS were K⁺ and SO₄²⁻ during the fallow season, while they were Ca²⁺ and K⁺ during the growing season. Long-term continuous application of chemical fertilizers, especially those containing urea, significantly promoted soil TS accumulation. Co-applying an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer effectively reduced the buildup of water-soluble ions, thereby alleviating secondary salinization and acidification. However, since commercial organic fertilizers are inherently rich in salt, excessive application increased rather than decreased soil TS, ultimately leading to soil secondary salinization. In the brown soil region, annual application rates of 375 kg/hm² as urea (N), 225 kg/hm² as superphosphate (P₂O₅), and 450 kg/hm² as potassium sulfate (K₂O), along with 15,000−45,000 kg/hm² of organic fertilizer, effectively reduce the risk of secondary salinization in greenhouse tomato cultivation.

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