• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

生物炭施用量对旱作覆膜农田玉米水氮利用效率及产量的影响

The responses of water-nitrogen utilization efficiency and maize yield to the application amounts of biochar under mulching farmland in semiarid area

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 探究黄土高原旱作区不同种植模式下，长期施用不同量生物炭对农田水分利用效率、氮素利用效率及玉米产量的影响，为旱作区覆膜农田作物可持续生产提供一定的科学依据。
    方法 田间定位试验始于2019年，设置平作不覆膜(F)和垄沟覆膜(D)两种种植模式。在每种种植模式下分别设置0 (不添加，CK)、3000 (低量，L)、6000 (中量，M)、9000 kg/hm2 (高量，H) 4个生物炭施用量，共8个处理。于2022年和2023年，连续两年测定了农田0—200 cm土壤含水量、0—60 cm土层土壤氮素养分含量，在玉米收获期测产，并计算水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率。
    结果 在两种种植模式下，高量生物炭处理(H)水、氮利用效率和玉米产量表现最佳，同一生物炭施用量下垄沟覆膜种植模式的效果更佳。在高量生物炭处理下，垄沟覆膜模式(DH)较平作模式(FH)土壤含水量、贮水量及水分利用效率分别提高了10.19%、8.96%和24.71%。长期覆膜结合施用生物炭显著提高了土壤全氮含量和氮肥利用效率，其中DH较FH土壤全氮和肥料利用效率分别提高10.38%和52.17%。覆膜和施用生物炭显著增加了玉米各器官干物质积累量和产量，且增产效应随生物炭施用量增加而增加，其中DH较DCK和FH产量增产分别达2274 kg/hm2和2258 kg/hm2。
    结论 在黄土高原旱作地区，垄沟覆膜结合施用生物炭能有效提高玉米田水氮利用效率，且垄沟覆膜与施加生物炭具有显著耦合效应。在本试验条件下，垄沟覆膜施加9000 kg/hm2生物炭的效果最佳。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of long-term application of different biochar rates on farmland water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and maize yield under distinct cropping patterns in the dryland area of the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable crop production in mulched farmlands of arid regions.
    Methods Based on a long-term field experiment initiated in 2019, two cropping patterns were established: flat planting without mulch (F) and ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching (D). For each pattern, four biochar application rates were applied: 0 (CK), 3000 (L), 6000 (M), and 9000 kg/hm2 (H), resulting in eight treatments. Soil water content (0−200 cm), soil nitrogen nutrients (0−60 cm), maize yield, WUE, and NUE were measured from 2022 to 2023.
    Results Under both cropping patterns, the high-rate biochar treatment (H) optimized WUE, NUE, and maize yield. Ridge-furrow mulching (D) outperformed flat planting (F) at the same biochar rate. Specifically, compared with FH, DH treatment on average increased soil water content, soil water storage, and WUE by 10.19%, 8.96%, and 24.71%, and enhanced soil total N and NUE by 10.38% and 52.17%, respectively. Mulching combined with biochar significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation in maize organs and yield, with synergistic effects escalating at higher biochar rates. Under ridge-furrow mulching, DH increased yield by 2274 and 2258 kg/hm2, compared to DCK and FH treatment, respectively.
    Conclusions Ridge-furrow mulching combined with biochar application can effectively improve field water and nitrogen use efficiency in maize production. A biochar rate 9000 kg/hm2 is recommended to achieve high water and nitrogen utilization and maize yield, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural development in arid regions.

     

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