• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

养分专家系统结合控释肥实现水稻一次性施肥

Single-basal fertilization in rice enabled by Nutrient Expert recommendations and controlled-release fertilizer across China

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 控释肥配合一次性施肥是符合我国现代化农业生产需要的科学施肥技术。本研究探讨将养分专家推荐施肥系统(NE)推荐施肥与控释肥结合，实现水稻一次性施肥的可行性。
    方法 在早稻、中稻、晚稻和一季稻主产区开展149个田间试验，每个试验均设置7个处理：水稻养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、当地测土配方施肥(ST)、NE基础上应用控释肥一次性施肥处理(NECRU)，以及基于NE的不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥处理。于水稻收获期调查水稻产量、经济效益，取植株样分析养分吸收量，计算肥料利用效率。
    结果 与FP和ST处理相比，NE处理分别减施氮肥11.6%和8.1%，减施钾肥30.8%和17.4%；NE处理较FP处理减施磷肥20.6%，与ST处理相比，施磷量无显著差异。与FP、ST处理相比，NECRU处理的水稻产量分别提高740和429 kg/hm2，净效益分别增加2444和1358元/hm2；氮素吸收量分别提高15.3%和10.2%，氮素吸收效率分别提高19.7%和13.3%，氮肥回收率分别提高14.0个和10.0个百分点，氮肥农学效率分别增加5.7和3.8 kg/kg；磷素吸收量有所提高，磷素吸收效率分别提高37.7%和15.3%，磷肥回收率分别提高13.4个和8.6个百分点，磷肥农学效率分别增加11.4和6.8 kg/kg；钾素吸收量有所提高，钾素吸收效率分别提高142.8%和118.7%，钾肥回收率分别提高21.3个和15.4个百分点，钾肥农学效率分别增加8.1和4.7 kg/kg。此外，NECRU处理显著降低养分表观盈余，氮、磷、钾表观盈余量较FP处理分别降低31.5%、64.6%和51.7%，较ST处理分别降低21.1%、26.9%和33.6%。
    结论 水稻养分专家施肥推荐施肥结合控释肥，既能充分发挥养分专家系统推荐施肥方法简便精准、适用范围广的优势，又可实现我国水稻生产的一次性施肥，保持甚至进一步提升水稻产量和经济效益，大幅提高养分吸收与肥料利用效率，减少肥料养分的盈余，适宜在我国不同生态区的小农户水稻种植体系中推广应用。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Single application of controlled-release urea fertilizer (CRU) is a scientific fertilization strategy that aligns with the practical needs of modern agricultural production in China. We studied the effectiveness of single application of CRU based on the Nutrient Expert (NE) recommendation scheme for various rice production systems across China.
    Methods A total of 149 field experiments were conducted in the major production areas of early rice, middle-season rice, late rice, and single-season rice. Each experiment included seven treatments: NE recommended fertilization scheme (NE), farmers’ practice (FP), soil testing based fertilization scheme (ST), single application of CRU based on NE recommended fertilizer rates (NECRU); and the treatments of no nitrogen, no phosphorus, and no potassium, based on NE. At harvest, the rice straw and grain yields were recorded, plant samples were collected for determination of nutrient uptake, and fertilizer use efficiencies and apparent nutrient balances, as well as the economic returns were calculated.
    Results Compared with the FP and ST treatments across the whole country on average, the NE treatment reduced rate of N by 11.6% and 8.1%, compared with the FP treatment NE treatment reduced, and K2O by 30.8% and 17.4%, respectively. P2O5 by 20.6%. Compared with FP, ST treatments, the NECRU treatments increased rice grain yields by 740, 429 kg/hm2, respectively, and net economic returns by 2444, 1358 yuan/hm2; enhanced rice N uptake by 15.3%, 10.2%, N uptake efficiency by 19.7%, 13.3%, N recovery efficiency by 14.0, 10.0 percentage points, and N agronomic efficiency by 5.7, 3.8 kg/kg, respectively; increased rice P uptake, P uptake efficiency by 37.7%, 15.3%, P recovery efficiency by 13.4, 8.6 percentage points, and P agronomic efficiency by 11.4, 6.8 kg/kg, respectively; elevated rice K uptake , K uptake efficiency by 142.8%, 118.7%, K recovery efficiency by 21.3, 15.4 percentage points, and K agronomic efficiency by 8.1, 4.7 kg/kg, respectively. In addition, NECRU significantly reduced apparent nutrient surplus. The apparent surplus of N, P, and K decreased by 31.5%, 64.6%, and 51.7%, respectively, relative to FP, and decreased by 21.1%, 26.9%, and 33.6%, respectively, relative to ST.
    Conclusions The integration of the Nutrient Expert recommendation for rice with controlled-release fertilizers enables the full exploitation of the advantages of the NE system, such as its simple and precise recommendations and wide applicability. Additionally, it facilitates one-time fertilization in China’s rice production, maintaining or even further enhancing rice yield and economic returns, and significantly reducing fertilizer nutrient surplus. It is thus suitable for promotion and application in smallholder rice farming systems across different ecological regions of China.

     

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