• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

养分专家系统结合控释肥实现水稻一次性施肥

Realizing single-basal fertilization of rice production based on the Nutrient Expert recommendation and controlled-release fertilizer throughout China

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 结合控释肥一次性施肥是符合我国现代化农业生产实际需要的科学施肥技术。我们研究了利用专家推荐施肥系统(NE)推荐施肥，结合控释肥实现水稻一次性施肥的可行性。
    方法 在早稻、中稻、晚稻和一季稻主产区开展了149个田间试验，每个试验均包含7个处理：水稻养分专家系统推荐施肥处理(NE)、农民习惯施肥处理(FP)、当地测土配方施肥处理(ST)、NE基础上应用控释肥一次性施肥处理(NECRU)，以及基于NE的不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥处理。水稻收获期，调查水稻产量、经济效益，取植株样分析养分吸收量，计算肥料利用效率。
    结果 与FP和ST处理相比，NE处理减施氮肥11.6%和8.1%，减施磷肥20.6%和1.1%，减施钾肥30.8%和17.4%；与FP、ST和NE处理相比，NECRU处理的水稻产量分别提高740、429和140 kg/hm2，净效益分别增加2444、1358和502元/hm2；氮素吸收量分别提高15.3%、10.2%和2.9%，氮素吸收效率分别提高19.7%、13.3%和2.5%，氮肥回收率分别提高13.9、10.0和2.8个百分点，氮肥农学效率分别增加5.7、3.8和1.0 kg/kg；磷素吸收量分别提高10.1%、7.1%和2.8%，磷素吸收效率分别提高37.7%、15.3%和4.5%，磷肥回收率分别提高13.4、8.6和2.2个百分点，磷肥农学效率分别增加11.4、6.8和1.5 kg/kg；钾素吸收量分别提高9.6%、5.9%和2.8%，钾素吸收效率分别提高142.8%、118.7%和13.2%，钾肥回收率分别提高21.3、15.4和1.9个百分点，钾肥农学效率分别增加8.1、4.7和1.3 kg/kg。此外，NECRU显著降低了养分表观盈余，氮、磷、钾表观盈余量较FP处理分别降低31.5%、64.6%和51.7%，较ST处理降低21.1%、26.9%和33.6%。
    结论 水稻养分专家系统推荐系统结合控释肥，既能充分发挥专家系统推荐施肥方法简便精准、适用范围广的优势，又可实现我国水稻生产的一次性施肥，保持甚至进一步提升水稻产量和经济效益，大幅提高养分吸收与肥料利用效率，减少肥料养分的盈余，适宜在我国不同生态区的小农户水稻种植体系中推广应用。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Single application of controlled-release urea fertilizer (CRU) is a scientific fertilization strategy that aligns with the practical needs of modern agricultural production in China. We studied the effectiveness of single application of CRU based on the Nutrient Expert (NE) recommendation scheme for various rice production systems across China.
    Methods A total of 149 field experiments were conducted in the major production areas of early rice, middle-season rice, late rice, and single-season rice. Each experiment included seven treatments: NE recommended fertilization scheme (NE), farmers’ practice (FP), soil testing based fertilization scheme (ST), single application of CRU based on NE recommended fertilizer input amounts (NECRU); and the treatments of no nitrogen, no phosphorus, and no potassium, based on NE. At harvest, the rice straw and grain yields were recorded, plant samples were collected for determination of nutrient uptake, and fertilizer use efficiencies and apparent nutrient balances, as well as the economic returns were calculated.
    Results Compared with the FP and ST treatments across the whole country on average, the NE treatment reduced input amount of N by 11.6% and 8.1%, P2O5 by 20.6% and 1.1%, and K2O by 30.8% and 17.4%, respectively. Compared with FP, ST, and NE treatments, the NECRU treatments increased rice grain yields by 740, 429, and 140 kg/hm2, respectively, and net economic returns by 2444, 1358, and 502 yuan/hm2; enhanced rice N uptake by 15.3%, 10.2%, and 2.9%, N uptake efficiency by 19.7%, 13.3%, and 2.5%, N recovery efficiency by 13.9, 10.0, and 2.8 percentage points, and N agronomic efficiency by 5.7, 3.8, and 1.0 kg/kg, respectively; increased rice P uptake by 10.1%, 7.1%, and 2.8%, P uptake efficiency by 37.7%, 15.3%, and 4.5%, P recovery efficiency by 13.4, 8.6, and 2.2 percentage points, and P agronomic efficiency by 11.4, 6.8, and 1.5 kg/kg, respectively; elevated rice K uptake by 9.6%, 5.9%, and 2.8%, K uptake efficiency by 142.8%, 118.7%, and 13.2%, K recovery efficiency by 21.3, 15.4, and 1.9 percentage points, and K agronomic efficiency by 8.1, 4.7, and 1.3 kg/kg, respectively. In addition, NECRU significantly reduced apparent nutrient surpluses. The apparent surpluses of N, P, and K decreased by 31.5%, 64.6%, and 51.7%, respectively, relative to FP, and decreased by 21.1%, 26.9%, and 33.6%, respectively, relative to ST.
    Conclusions The integration of the Nutrient Expert recommendation for rice with controlled-release fertilizers enables the full exploitation of the advantages of the NE system, such as its simple and precise recommendations and wide applicability. Additionally, it facilitates one-time fertilization in China’s rice production, maintaining or even further enhancing rice yield and economic returns, and significantly reducing fertilizer nutrient surplus. It is thus suitable for promotion and application in smallholder rice farming systems across different ecological regions of China.

     

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