• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

绿肥和有机肥与钙镁磷肥协同改良酸性稻田土壤并提高作物产量

Synergistic effects of green manure or organic fertilizer combined with calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer on ameliorating acidic paddy soil and enhancing crop yield

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 研究酸性稻田土壤改良剂优化组合措施的综合调控效应，为提升酸化土壤治理效果提供科学依据和技术支撑。
    方法 2021—2023年，在安徽芜湖酸化稻田连续开展3年田间定位试验，种植制度为水稻−小麦轮作。设置5个改良剂处理：不施改良剂对照(CK)、生石灰(LM)、钙镁磷肥(CMP)、紫云英+钙镁磷肥(MV+CMP)和有机肥+钙镁磷肥(OF+CMP)。每年水稻收获后，取0—20 cm 土层土样，监测土壤酸度指标(pH、交换性氢、交换性铝、交换性酸)及肥力指标(有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾)。调查水稻和小麦产量。通过方差分析、主成分分析和相关性分析，揭示不同改良措施对土壤酸度、肥力与产量的综合调控效应。
    结果 除生石灰(LM)处理外，其余改良剂处理提高土壤肥力、提高pH并降低酸化指标的效果均呈现随试验年限延长而增强的趋势。至2023年，土壤肥力提升方面，与CK相比，CMP、MV+CMP和OF+CMP处理有机质含量分别显著提高6.63%、7.31%和7.78%，有效磷含量分别显著提高14.69%、27.20%和16.34%，速效钾含量分别显著提高12.03%、19.21%和26.43%；MV+CMP处理全氮含量提高8.78%；MV+CMP在提高有机质和全氮方面效果最显著，而OF+CMP在提高速效钾上效果最显著。产量方面，与CK相比，MV+CMP和OF+CMP处理对水稻增产效果最为显著，分别增产8.92%和9.06%；CMP和OF+CMP处理小麦产量分别显著提高12.39%和17.73%，而LM处理无显著增产效果。在酸度改善方面，与CK相比，LM、CMP、MV+CMP和OF+CMP处理分别使土壤pH显著提高0.34、0.28、0.23和0.26个单位，交换性氢含量分别显著下降44.19%、28.07%、37.68%和36.51%，交换性铝含量分别显著下降31.91%、40.99%、33.22%和36.30%。其中，CMP在降低交换性铝方面优势突出，与LM相比，其交换性铝含量显著降低13.33%。
    结论 钙镁磷肥在缓解土壤酸化和降低铝毒方面具有显著优势，而与紫云英或有机肥配施则兼具“治酸”与“培肥”双重作用。MV+CMP和OF+CMP处理均可提高土壤养分水平并促进水稻增产；其中，MV+CMP处理在提升土壤全氮和有效磷方面表现较优，OF+CMP处理在提高土壤有机质和速效钾方面具有优势。总体而言，有机投入与钙镁磷肥协同作用可有效改善酸性稻田土壤质量，持续促进作物稳产增产。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives This study aimed to investigate the integrated effects of different amelioration measures on soil acidity and fertility in acidic paddy fields, and to provide a scientific basis for soil acidification management.
    Methods A field experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2023 in an acidic paddy field in Wuhu, Anhui Province, using a randomized block design with five treatments: unamended control (CK), lime (LM), calcium–magnesium phosphate fertilizer (CMP), Chinese milk vetch+CMP (MV+CMP), and organic fertilizer+CMP (OF+CMP). After rice harvest, soil samples were collected from the 0−20 cm layer to determine soil acidity indicators (pH, exchangeable H, exchangeable Al, exchangeable acidity) and fertility parameters (organic matter, total N, available P, and available K). Rice and wheat yields were also monitored. Analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and correlation analysis were applied to evaluate the integrated effects of different amendments.
    Results Except for the LM treatment, the effects of the other amendment treatments on improving soil fertility, increasing pH, and reducing soil acidity indicators became more pronounced with increasing experimental duration. By 2023, in terms of fertility enhancement, compared with CK, CMP, MV+CMP, and OF+CMP significantly increased soil organic matter by 6.63%, 7.31%, and 7.78%, respectively; available P by 14.69%, 27.20%, and 16.34%, respectively; and available K by 12.03%, 19.21%, and 26.43%, respectively. MV+CMP treatment increased soil total N by 8.78% (P<0.05). MV+CMP showed the greatest effect in organic matter and total N, whereas OF+CMP achieved the highest increase in available K. In terms of crop yield, compared with CK, MV+CMP and OF+CMP significantly increased rice yield by 8.92% and 9.06%, respectively (P<0.05), CMP and OF+CMP treatment increased wheat yield by 12.39% and 17.73%, while LM showed no significant effect on yield. In terms of soil acidity improvement, compared with CK, LM, CMP, MV+CMP, and OF+CMP significantly increased soil pH by 0.34, 0.28, 0.23, and 0.26 units, respectively, while reducing exchangeable H by 44.19%, 28.07%, 37.68%, and 36.51%, respectively, and exchangeable Al by 31.91%, 40.99%, 33.22%, and 36.30% respectively(P<0.05). Among these treatments, CMP was particularly effective in reducing exchangeable Al, with a further reduction of 13.33% compared with LM (P<0.05).
    Conclusions Calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer showed significant advantages in alleviating soil acidification and reducing aluminum toxicity, while its combined application with Chinese milk vetch or organic fertilizer provided dual benefits of acid amelioration and fertility improvement. Both MV+CMP and OF+CMP treatments increased soil nutrient levels and promoted rice yield. Specifically, MV+CMP performed better in improving soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus, whereas OF+CMP showed advantages in increasing soil organic matter and available potassium. Overall, the synergistic application of organic inputs and calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer can effectively improve the quality of acidic paddy soils and continuously promote stable crop yield.

     

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