• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

豫南黄褐土酸化过程中土壤性质变化及大豆酸害阈值评估

Changes in soil properties under acidification and the acid damage threshold for soybean production in yellow-cinnamon soil in southern Henan

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 近年来，黄褐土出现酸化现象，威胁豫南地区大豆生产的效益和可持续性。本研究探讨土壤酸化后黄褐土土壤性质的变化，以及不同酸化程度对大豆生长和产量的影响。
    方法 大豆盆栽试验在河南新乡进行。通过在土壤中添加不同量的硫酸亚铁和草木灰，设置初始土壤 pH 值分别为 3.5、3.7、4.0、4.4、4.8、5.3 和 5.7 的 7 个处理。在大豆出苗后的第 16、25、35、45、55、71 和 93 天测定株高，收获后调查地上部生物量和籽粒产量。在大豆出苗后的第 25、46、68、89 天及收获期采集土壤样品，分析土壤交换态和有效态养分含量及相关酶活性。采用冈珀茨方程(Gompertz)拟合大豆籽粒产量、生物量与土壤 pH 的关系，计算达到最高产量95% (pH95)、50% (pH50)、5% (pH5)时对应的土壤酸害阈值及敏感pH值。
    结果 随着土壤酸化程度加剧，土壤交换性酸和铵态氮含量呈上升趋势，而盐基离子、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量均有所降低；与此同时，土壤多酚氧化酶活性增强，而酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性相应降低。随着土壤 pH 值升高，大豆生物量和籽粒产量均显著增加，最高增幅分别达到 60.60% 和 59.85%。冈珀茨方程拟合结果表明，大豆籽粒产量达到最高产量的 95%、50% 和 5% 时，对应的土壤 pH 值分别为 5.23、3.64 和 2.74，敏感 pH 值为 3.41；大豆生物量达到最高产量的 95%、50% 和 5% 时，对应的土壤 pH 值分别为 5.38、3.60 和 2.61，敏感 pH 值为 3.35。
    结论 豫南黄褐土酸化导致土壤交换性酸和铵态氮含量升高，盐基离子、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量降低，并造成土壤有机质稳定性下降、微生物环境恶化以及土壤整体保肥供肥能力降低。土壤 pH 5.23 是维持大豆籽粒达到最高产量95%的临界下限，该阈值可能受交换性钙、土壤养分及酶活性共同调控。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives In recent years, acidification of yellow-cinnamon soil has posed a significant threat to the profitability and sustainability of soybean production in southern Henan Province. This study investigated changes in soil properties following acidification and assessed the effects of different degrees of acidification on soybean growth and yield.
    Methods A pot experiment was conducted in Xinxiang, Henan Province. Seven soil treatments with initial pH values of 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.4, 4.8, 5.3, and 5.7 were established by adding different amounts of ferrous sulfate and plant ash to the soil. Soybean plant height was measured at 16, 25, 35, 45, 55, 71, and 93 days after emergence (DAE). Aboveground biomass and grain yield were determined at harvest. Soil samples were collected at 25, 46, 68, and 89 DAE and at harvest to determine exchangeable and available nutrient contents and the activities of related soil enzymes. The Gompertz equation was used to model the relationships of soybean grain yield and biomass with soil pH. The soil pH values corresponding to 95% (pH95), 50% (pH50), and 5% (pH5) of the maximum grain yield and biomass, as well as the sensitive pH values, were calculated.
    Results With increasing soil acidification, exchangeable acidity and ammonium nitrogen content increased, whereas base cation, available phosphorus, readily available potassium, and nitrate nitrogen contents decreased. Concurrently, polyphenol oxidase activity increased, whereas acid phosphatase and catalase activities decreased. Soybean biomass and grain yield increased significantly with increasing soil pH, with maximum increases of 60.60% and 59.85%, respectively. Gompertz modeling showed that the soil pH values corresponding to 95%, 50%, and 5% of the maximum grain yield were 5.23, 3.64, and 2.74, respectively, with a sensitive pH value of 3.41. For biomass, the corresponding pH values were 5.38, 3.60, and 2.61, respectively, with a sensitive pH value of 3.35.
    Conclusions Acidification of yellow-cinnamon soil in southern Henan increased exchangeable acidity and ammonium nitrogen content, while decreasing base cation, available phosphorus, readily available potassium, and nitrate nitrogen contents. It also reduced soil organic matter stability and deteriorated the microbial environment, ultimately weakening the soil's capacity to retain and supply nutrients. A soil pH of 5.23 is the critical lower limit to achieve 95% of maximum soybean grain yield.

     

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